This work analyzes single-quantum interference experiments from a strictly empirical perspective, focusing on the observable structure of detection patterns rather than on interpretational assumptions. Across more than a century of increasingly refined experiments, interference patterns exhibit a distinctive and robust combination of features: detection events are discrete and intrinsically unpredictable, yet their accumulated distribution converges rapidly to a stable, sharply structured pattern determined solely by the global experimental configuration. We show that these empirical properties impose strong constraints on admissible physical models. In particular, the sharpness, stability, and configuration-locked nature of interference minima are incompatible with explanations based on strictly local propagational mechanisms acting in transit between emission and detection. Local dynamical processes generically entail empirical signatures—such as intermediate observables, history dependence, noise-induced degradation of minima, or gradual pattern formation—that are systematically absent in interference data. By contrasting single-quantum interference experiments with genuine propagation measurements, where intermediate fields or particle properties are in principle accessible, we demonstrate that interference belongs to a different empirical category. What is observed is not the trace of a process evolving through space, but the spatial organization of discrete realization events at an absorbing boundary, governed by global structural constraints. The analysis does not introduce new experimental predictions at the level of local quantum measurements. Instead, it establishes that the empirical character of interference patterns itself necessitates a global, non-propagational modeling framework. Interference is therefore not merely compatible with such descriptions, but empirically excludes strictly local dynamical accounts. This work provides the empirical pillar of a broader global realization program, complementing prior conceptual and modeling studies.
This work analyzes single-quantum interference experiments from a strictly empirical perspective, focusing on the observable structure of detection patterns rather than on interpretational assumptions. Across more than a century of increasingly refined experiments, interference patterns exhibit a distinctive and robust combination of features: detection events are discrete and intrinsically unpredictable, yet their accumulated distribution converges rapidly to a stable, sharply structured pattern determined solely by the global experimental configuration. We show that these empirical properties impose strong constraints on admissible physical models. In particular, the sharpness, stability, and configuration-locked nature of interference minima are incompatible with explanations based on strictly local propagational mechanisms acting in transit between emission and detection. Local dynamical processes generically entail empirical signatures—such as intermediate observables, history dependence, noise-induced degradation of minima, or gradual pattern formation—that are systematically absent in interference data. By contrasting single-quantum interference experiments with genuine propagation measurements, where intermediate fields or particle properties are in principle accessible, we demonstrate that interference belongs to a different empirical category. What is observed is not the trace of a process evolving through space, but the spatial organization of discrete realization events at an absorbing boundary, governed by global structural constraints. The analysis does not introduce new experimental predictions at the level of local quantum measurements. Instead, it establishes that the empirical character of interference patterns itself necessitates a global, non-propagational modeling framework. Interference is therefore not merely compatible with such descriptions, but empirically excludes strictly local dynamical accounts. This work provides the empirical pillar of a broader global realization program, complementing prior conceptual and modeling studies.
This work addresses the long-standing claim that interference phenomena—most notably in double-slit–type experiments—cannot be physically modeled without invoking wave propagation or particles following multiple trajectories. We show that this claim rests on an implicit restriction to local, dynamical descriptions acting between emission and detection. We introduce a minimal framework in which detection events are treated as discrete realizations occurring at an absorbing boundary, while the observed interference pattern arises from global structural admissibility constraints of the full experimental configuration. The model does not attempt to generate or predict individual detection events. Instead, it characterizes the statistical distribution of outcomes as a property of realization closure rather than of local evolution in transit. Within this approach, interference patterns are understood as emergent statistical signatures of global realization structure, not as evidence of propagating waves, hidden variables, or oscillatory dynamics in space. The framework preserves all empirical features of standard interference experiments while avoiding assumptions about intermediate physical processes that are neither observed nor required by theory. This work is consistent with relativistic and quantum no-go results concerning photon trajectories, localization, and in-flight observables. It complements earlier structural interpretations of light and realization by providing a concrete, physically explicit model demonstrating how stable interference statistics arise without propagation. The contribution clarifies the precise sense in which interference is modelable, and the sense in which it is not: individual events remain intrinsically unpredictable, while their global organization is physically intelligible at the level of realization structure. The model introduces no new forces, fields, or modifications of established equations, and is intended as a refinement of conceptual foundations rather than a replacement of existing formalisms.
This paper develops the structural modeling core of a global realization approach to quantum interference. Building on prior work that established the possibility of non-propagational descriptions, the present study addresses a more precise question: how quantum interference can be explicitly modeled once local propagation, trajectories, and in-transit dynamics are excluded. The model introduces realization admissibility functionals defined over the complete experimental configuration, including source, apertures, and absorbing boundaries. These functionals are non-dynamical and non-ontic; they do not represent physical fields or evolving states, but encode global compatibility conditions that govern where detection events can coherently close. Detection probabilities emerge through statistical closure at the absorbing boundary, reproducing standard interference patterns without invoking wave superposition in space. A minimal geometric formulation is presented to demonstrate how slit configurations generate admissibility structures that yield conventional interference statistics. Within this framework, interference minima arise naturally as forbidden realizations rather than as products of destructive interaction between propagating entities. The model preserves full empirical equivalence with standard quantum mechanics while clarifying the physical status of interference as an organizational, rather than dynamical, phenomenon. This work does not modify quantum dynamics or introduce additional degrees of freedom. Its contribution is structural: it sharpens the distinction between quantum dynamical states and realization, delineates the limits of local modeling, and provides a concrete, explicit framework for modeling interference at the level where empirical outcomes occur. The paper serves as the modeling core of a broader global realization program, situated between conceptual foundations and empirical analysis.
This paper examines the limits of quantum control from a structural perspective and explains why classical-style control strategies necessarily fail when applied to quantum phenomena. Despite major advances in experimental precision, noise suppression, feedback, and phase stabilization, direct control over individual quantum outcomes has not been achieved. We argue that this limitation is not technological but fundamental. Within a global realization framework, quantum outcomes do not arise from local physical processes evolving in space between emission and detection. Instead, they occur as discrete realization events constrained by the global experimental configuration. As a consequence, local dynamical interventions that leave the configuration unchanged cannot alter the probability distribution of outcomes. They can only improve the statistical estimation of that distribution. We formalize this limitation as a no-go result for classical-style quantum control: at fixed configuration, neither noise reduction, phase control, nor classical post-processing can steer quantum realizations. Control must therefore be redefined. Rather than selecting individual events, meaningful control operates by reshaping global realizability—enabling, suppressing, or excluding entire classes of outcomes through configuration-level manipulation. Minimal toy models are introduced to demonstrate how changes in experimental configuration modify realization admissibility without introducing signaling, determinism, or additional dynamics. The framework preserves quantum indeterminacy and standard no-go theorems while clarifying why many contemporary quantum control strategies stagnate. This work provides the control-theoretic extension of a broader global realization program, complementing earlier conceptual, modeling, and empirical studies. Quantum control, in this view, is architectural rather than dynamical: it consists in shaping the structure within which outcomes may occur, not in determining outcomes themselves.
This project presents a conceptual reinterpretation of wave–particle phenomena in quantum experiments by introducing a relational-temporal perspective on measurement and event formation. Rather than treating wave-like and particle-like behavior as competing ontological properties of quantum entities, the framework distinguishes between extended relational amplitude structures and localized measurement events. Interference phenomena are interpreted as manifestations of relational structures distributed across spacetime, while particle detections are understood as temporally stabilized events emerging through measurement interactions. By reviewing key experimental paradigms—including double-slit interference, which-path experiments, quantum erasers, weak measurements, and decoherence—the study demonstrates that many apparent paradoxes of quantum mechanics arise from classical assumptions about intrinsic properties and time as an external background parameter. Without modifying the formalism of quantum theory, the relational-temporal interpretation offers a physically conservative framework that reframes wave–particle duality as a distinction between structure and event rather than a dual ontology of physical objects.
A Set-Based Alternative to the Hilbert-Space Formalism: Two-Slit Interference in the CEGS Framework This work presents a deterministic reformulation of the two-slit experiment within the Calculus of Element Generated Sets (CEGS), a set-based framework for modeling physical systems without assuming Hilbert space as a fundamental structure. Instead of representing quantum states as vectors in a complex Hilbert space, physical states are described as structured sets of phase-generating elements subject to intrinsic constraint operations prior to aggregation. Within this framework, observable quantities arise only after a coherent aggregation map acts on constrained generative sets. The standard interference pattern of the two-slit experiment is recovered exactly at the level of observable predictions, preserving empirical equivalence with conventional quantum mechanics. A central conceptual shift is that complex amplitudes are not treated as fundamental entities. Instead, they emerge as effective compressed representations of underlying distributed phase structures under observer-dependent projection. In this view, Hilbert space is interpreted as an emergent effective description rather than a primary ontological structure. The formulation provides a deterministic and structural alternative perspective on quantum interference, contributing to ongoing discussions in quantum foundations, interpretation of quantum mechanics, and set-based or non-vectorial reformulations of physical theory. The analysis is restricted to the two-slit experiment as a minimal test case, while maintaining consistency with standard quantum predictions.
This work presents a unified, interpretive account of quantum interference and delayed-choice experiments that applies equally to photons and massive particles. Rather than invoking spacetime trajectories, wave–particle duality, retrocausality, or collapse postulates, the paper locates quantum interference in the coherent evolution of internal, pre-geometric degrees of freedom defined over classical spacetime. Within this framework, “which-path” questions are not merely unanswered but fundamentally ill-posed: interference arises from global coherence of an internal field subject to experimental boundary conditions, while spacetime itself remains single-valued and classical at laboratory scales. The approach reproduces all standard quantum-mechanical predictions without modification and is explicitly interpretive rather than predictive. A central result is a unified explanation of why interference occurs across disparate physical systems—photons, electrons, atoms, and molecules—while decoherence manifests through system-dependent physical mechanisms. Photons and massive particles differ in how internal coherence is lost (e.g., electromagnetic absorption versus collisional and thermal interactions), but not in the underlying principle. Delayed-choice experiments are reinterpreted without paradox: changes to the apparatus modify boundary conditions for the internal field rather than retroactively altering particle histories. By removing spacetime paths from the fundamental ontology, the framework offers a consistent, path-free account of interference, decoherence, and localized detection that preserves the empirical success of quantum mechanics while clarifying its conceptual foundations.