As quantum computing technology advances rapidly, conventional cryptographic systems face imminent threats that could compromise the security of billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices worldwide. This research presents a comprehensive performance analysis of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on IoT devices under real-world web-based cyber attacks. Utilizing the CIC IoT-IDAD 2024 dataset containing 217 features across 105 IoT device types and six web-based attack categories, we employ Dask distributed computing framework to simulate 11,200 unique scenarios testing four NIST-standardized PQC algorithms—CRYSTALS-Kyber-512, CRYSTALS-Dilithium-2, Falcon-512, and SPHINCS+-sha256-128s—across four IoT device power categories. Our novel hybrid stress factor extraction methodology combines flow-based (60%) and packet-based (40%) analysis with crypto-specific feature weighting to quantify attack impact on cryptographic operations. Results demonstrate that web-based attacks degrade PQC performance by 8-15%, with command injection attacks causing the highest impact (23% execution time increase on resource-constrained devices). Statistical validation using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Friedman tests reveals that while cyber attacks produce small but significant performance degradation (Cohen’s d = 0.19-0.27), algorithm selection creates substantially larger performance differences across device-attack scenarios (Kendall’s W = 0.12-0.76). CRYSTALS-Kyber demonstrates exceptional scalability with 96.7% feasibility on high-power devices and 71.8% on ultra-low-power devices. This research provides actionable deployment guidelines and establishes the critical importance of attack-aware resource provisioning (15-25% overhead) for quantum-resilient IoT security implementations.
As quantum computing technology advances rapidly, conventional cryptographic systems face imminent threats that could compromise the security of billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices worldwide. This research presents a comprehensive performance analysis of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on IoT devices under real-world web-based cyber attacks. Utilizing the CIC IoT-IDAD 2024 dataset containing 217 features across 105 IoT device types and six web-based attack categories, we employ Dask distributed computing framework to simulate 11,200 unique scenarios testing four NIST-standardized PQC algorithms—CRYSTALS-Kyber-512, CRYSTALS-Dilithium-2, Falcon-512, and SPHINCS+-sha256-128s—across four IoT device power categories. Our novel hybrid stress factor extraction methodology combines flow-based (60%) and packet-based (40%) analysis with crypto-specific feature weighting to quantify attack impact on cryptographic operations. Results demonstrate that web-based attacks degrade PQC performance by 8-15%, with command injection attacks causing the highest impact (23% execution time increase on resource-constrained devices). Statistical validation using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Friedman tests reveals that while cyber attacks produce small but significant performance degradation (Cohen’s d = 0.19-0.27), algorithm selection creates substantially larger performance differences across device-attack scenarios (Kendall’s W = 0.12-0.76). CRYSTALS-Kyber demonstrates exceptional scalability with 96.7% feasibility on high-power devices and 71.8% on ultra-low-power devices. This research provides actionable deployment guidelines and establishes the critical importance of attack-aware resource provisioning (15-25% overhead) for quantum-resilient IoT security implementations.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms - BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC - on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (liboqs) library in conjunction with mbedTLS, we develop quantumsecure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms - BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC - on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (liboqs) library in conjunction with mbedTLS, we develop quantumsecure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms -- BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC -- on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (\texttt{liboqs}) library in conjunction with \texttt{mbedTLS}, we develop quantum-secure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.
The rise of quantum computing threatens traditional cryptographic systems, driving the urgent adoption of PQC algorithms for securing IoT and edge computing environments. However, selecting an optimal PQC scheme remains challenging due to trade-offs between security strength, computational efficiency, and scalability in real-world deployments. While algorithms like CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, and SPHINCS+ offer quantum resilience. These suffer from processing overhead, high energy consumption, and limited adaptability, hindering their seamless integration into latency-sensitive and resource-constrained IoT networks. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive and systematic performance evaluation of these PQC algorithms within the context of IoT-based cryptographic scheduling workflows, assessing critical efficiency parameters such as encryption/decryption time, execution speed, system latency, energy efficiency, and scalability under varying processing loads and batch sizes. Our analysis reveals that CRYSTALS-Kyber consistently outperforms its counterparts, demonstrating superior computational efficiency, minimal processing delays, and lower power consumption while maintaining high-security resilience against quantum adversaries. Additionally, we propose a dynamic cryptographic scheduling approach, optimizing the balance between security levels and computational resource allocation, ensuring efficient cryptographic task management in large-scale IoT networks. This research provides a foundation for the practical deployment and standardization of PQC in next-generation cryptographic architectures, enabling the seamless transition from classical to quantum-secure cryptographic frameworks. The insights gained from this study are pivotal for advancing cryptographic scheduling models, enhancing security efficiency in real-time IoT operations, and driving the global adoption of PQC algorithms for future-proof digital security infrastructures.
The increasing ubiquity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has necessitated robust security measures, especially with the impending threat of quantum computing to conventional cryptographic protocols.In this study, we address the imperative of selecting an optimized post-quantum cryptographic algorithm tailored for implementation on resource-constrained IoT devices while ensuring compliance with stringent security standards.This research employs a comprehensive evaluation framework that considers the unique constraints of IoT devices, including limited computational capabilities and memory resources.Furthermore, our assessment accounts for the diverse security requirements stipulated by prevailing standards to guarantee resilience against both classical and quantum threats.Through a systematic analysis of various post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, encompassing factors such as computational efficiency and resistance to quantum attacks, this study identifies a select set of algorithms that exhibit promising suitability for IoT device deployment.The evaluation considers renowned standards, including NIST's Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization initiative to align with industry best practices and interoperability.The findings presented in this study offer guidance to IoT device manufacturers, system architects, and security practitioners in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms.The selected algorithms not only demonstrate adeptness in mitigating quantum threats but also address resource constraints inherent in IoT environments, ensuring a secure foundation for the rapidly expanding ecosystem of interconnected devices.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way devices communicate and interact, enabling seamless integration into various aspects of daily life by billions of connected devices equipped with small, embedded controllers that monitor and manage our increasingly interconnected world. The swift growth of IoT devices has led to significant concerns about data security and privacy. Traditional cryptographic algorithms, usually lightweight cryptography, are effective against classical computing threats. However, they are vulnerable to attacks from emerging quantum computing technologies, which can quickly solve the mathematically hard problems used in classical cryptography. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) offers promising solution by providing cryptographic primitives resistant to quantum attacks. This chapter addresses challenges posed by resource constrained IoT devices, like limited processing power and memory. It also explores the integration of PQC algorithms suitable for IoT environments, considering factors like computational efficiency and resistance to quantum attacks.