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Experiment "External Observer" - Verification of chronic nonlocality through synchronized macroscopic systems.

Hennadii Kovalov

Published Feb 18, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Initial idea In quantum mechanics, entangled particles behave as a single system, despite their spatial separation.In our theory, this is explained by the fact that they share a chronal quantum τ, and for an external (meta-)observer, they are parts of the same object. If we can create two macroscopic systems with the same τ (synchronized), then a change in the state of one should instantly affect the other, not through a field, but through a common chronal state.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.18685566

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Initial idea In quantum mechanics, entangled particles behave as a single system, despite their spatial separation.In our theory, this is explained by the fact that they share a chronal quantum τ, and for an external (meta-)observer, they are parts of the same object. If we can create two macroscopic systems with the same τ (synchronized), then a change in the state of one should instantly affect the other, not through a field, but through a common chronal state.
1. What is entanglement from the point of view of the τ-field Entanglement is the synchronization of the τ field of two (or more) particles, in which their chronal quanta become a single whole. χ₁ = φ₁·τ₁ = χ₂ = φ₂·τ₂ When two particles are entangled, their individual τ-pulses and phases are no longer independent. They form a single chronal system connected by a common phase. 2. Why a change in one particle instantly affects another The chronal wave propagates at a speed v_chron = 2π·c ≈ 6.28c.But this is in space. And in phase space (the space χ = φ·τ), synchronization does not require any time at all, because it is not a transfer of energy, but a transfer of state. When we measure one entangled particle, we record its χ. The second particle, bound to the first by a single χ, instantly assumes a consistent state. This is not "faster-than-light information transfer." This is a manifestation of the fact that χ is conserved in the system, and the division in space does not break this connection.
We argue that quantum nonlocality of entangled states is not an actual phenomenon. It appears in quantum mechanics as a consequence of the inconsistency of its superposition principle with the corpuscular properties of a quantum particle. In the existing form, this principle does not distinguish between macroscopically distinct states of a particle and their superpositions: it implies introducing observables for a particle, even if it is in an entangled state. However, a particle cannot take part simultaneously in two or more alternative macroscopically distinct sub-processes. Thus, calculating the expectation values of the one-particle's observables, for entangled states, is physically meaningless: Born's formula is not applicable to such states. The same concerns the entangled states of compound quantum systems. In the {\it existing} quantum mechanics, introducing Bell's inequalities is fully legal. However, these inequalities imply averaging over an entangled state, and, hence, they have no basis for their clear physical interpretation. Experiments to confirm the violation of Bell's inequalities do not prove the existence of nonlocality in microcosm. They confirm only that correlations introduced in the existing theory of entangled states have no physical sense, for they contradict special relativity.
Quantum entanglement is traditionally framed as spatial non-locality: two particles at arbitrary separation maintain correlated states, with measurement of one instantaneously affecting the other. We propose a reformulation: entanglement is fundamentally a temporal phenomenon — a synchronization of quantum phases via universal harmonic oscillations. Spatial entanglement is recovered as the special case where both particles are created at the same time and location. Three independent experiments support this framework: (1) Megidish et al. (2013) demonstrated entanglement between photons that never coexisted; (2) temporal qubit encoding (|𝜓⟩ = 𝛼|early⟩ + 𝛽|late⟩) achieves full quantum information capacity; (3) Jiang et al. (2024) measured entanglement formation taking 232 attoseconds — the time for a wave to establish phase coherence. In the Fractal Mechanics framework, all particles oscillate at Fibonacci-harmonic frequencies 𝜔_𝑛 = 𝜔_𝑃×(𝜑^−𝑛), and entanglement is their synchronization to common harmonics. This formulation predicts that entanglement fidelity is maximized for time separations Δ𝑡_𝑛 = 𝑇₀/𝜑^𝑛 (Fibonacci timing), testable with current attosecond technology.
We propose a single-particle experiment that is equivalent to the conventional two-particle experiment used to demonstrate a violation of Bell's inequalities. Hence, we argue that quantum mechanical nonlocality can be demonstrated by single-particle states. The validity of such a claim has been discussed in the literature, but without reaching a clear consensus. We show that the disagreement can be traced to what part of the total state of the experiment one assigns to the (macroscopic) measurement apparatus. However, with a conventional and legitimate interpretation of the measurement process one is led to the conclusion that even a single particle can show nonlocal properties.
The role of the timing and order of quantum measurements is not just a fundamental question of quantum mechanics, but also a puzzling one. Any part of a quantum system that has finished evolving can be measured immediately or saved for later, without affecting the final results, regardless of the continued evolution of the rest of the system. In addition, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics, as manifested by entanglement, does not apply only to particles with spacelike separation, but also to particles with timelike separation. In order to demonstrate these principles, we generated and fully characterized an entangled pair of photons that have never coexisted. Using entanglement swapping between two temporally separated photon pairs, we entangle one photon from the first pair with another photon from the second pair. The first photon was detected even before the other was created. The observed two-photon state demonstrates that entanglement can be shared between timelike separated quantum systems.
Quantum mechanics marks a radical departure from the classical understanding of Nature, fostering an inherent randomness which forbids a deterministic description; yet the most fundamental departure arises from something different. As shown by Bell [1] and Kochen-Specker [2], quantum mechanics portrays a picture of the world in which reality loses its objectivity and is in fact created by observation. Quantum mechanics predicts phenomena which cannot be explained by any theory with objective realism, although our everyday experience supports the hypothesis that macroscopic objects, despite being made of quantum particles, exist independently of the act of observation; in this paper we identify this behavior as classical. Here we show that this seemingly obvious classical behavior of the macroscopic world cannot be experimentally tested and belongs to the realm of ontology similar to the dispute on the interpretations of quantum mechanics [3,4]. For small systems such as a single photon [5] or a pair [6], it has been experimentally proven that a classical description cannot be sustained. Recently, there have also been experiments that claim to have demonstrated quantum behavior of relatively large objects such as interference of fullerenes [7], the violation of Leggett-Garg inequality in Josephson junction [8], and interference between two condensed clouds of atoms [9], which suggest that there is no limit to the size of the system on which the quantum-versus-classical question can be tested. These behaviors, however, are not sufficient to refute classical description in the sense of objective reality. Our findings show that once we reach the regime where an Avogadro number of particles is present, the quantum-versus-classical question cannot be answered experimentally.