Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Gravity-Induced Rigidity Collapse: A Parameter-Free Objective Reduction Theory

shaher haddad

Published Feb 15, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper proposes a parameter-free objective reduction theory where wavefunction collapse is induced by gravitational self-energy differences between mass distributions. Unlike Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) models, which rely on phenomenological parameters, the collapse rate in this model (Γ = Eg/ħ) is uniquely determined by universal constants G and ħ. Key Highlights: Dynamical Derivation of the Born Rule: The model demonstrates that the Born probability rule emerges naturally from the martingale property of the stochastic dynamics, rather than being postulated. Experimental Consistency: The theory is shown to be consistent with current laboratory constraints, including double-slit interference experiments with large molecules (mcrit ≈ 10⁻¹⁴ kg) and loophole-free Bell inequality tests. Astrophysical Stability: Analysis confirms the stability of compact objects like neutron stars and the preservation of primordial fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Relativistic Extension: A Lorentz-covariant field-theoretic generalization is provided, using the energy-momentum tensor to source collapse noise while respecting microcausality. The results suggest a self-contained, falsifiable framework for the transition from quantum to classical spacetime without the need for adjustable parameters.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.18648530

Related papers

A stochastic semiclassical model for collapse-induced gravitational waves

Xiaoqiang Wang

We present a self-consistent stochastic semiclassical framework in which objective localization (collapse) of quantum states induces localized fluctuations in the stress–energy distribution that source causal gravitational wave perturbations via an Einstein–Langevin type equation. The model combines a Lindblad-averaged continuous spontaneous localization (CSL)-like dynamics with a local collapse bookkeeping field that enforces local energy–momentum conservation. Linearized analysis yields a causal wave equation for metric perturbations sourced by a stochastic tensor whose statistics are computable from collapse parameters. We derive scaling laws for expected strain statistics from a localized mass superposition, provide order-of-magnitude estimates and outline experimental strategies and model limitations. The construction avoids standard no-go objections (superluminal signaling and Page–Geilker constraints) at the ensemble level while yielding concrete, testable predictions for future high-sensitivity detectors. This model offers a phenomenological approach that can guide future experiments, assuming advancements in preparing mesoscopic superpositions and detecting subtle gravitational effects.

International Journal of Modern Physics D•Jan 10, 2026•0 citations

Towards a theory of wavefunction collapse Part 1: How the Diosi-Penrose criterion and Born's rule can be derived from semiclassical gravity, and how the criterion can be relativistically generalised with help of the Einstein-Hilbert action

Garrelt Quandt-Wiese

A new approach to wavefunction collapse is prepared by an analysis of semiclassical gravity. The fact that, in semiclassical gravity, superposed states must share a common classical spacetime geometry, even if they prefer (according to general relativity) differently curved spacetimes, leads to energy increases of the states, when their mass distributions are different. If one interprets these energy increases divided by Planck's constant as decay rates of the states, one obtains the lifetimes of superpositions according to the Diosi-Penrose criterion and reduction probabilities according to Born's rule. The derivation of Born's rule for two-state superpositions can be adapted to the typical quantum mechanical experiments with the help of a common property of these experiments. It is that they lead to never more than two different mass distributions at one location referring e.g. to the cases that a particle "is", or "is not", detected at the location. From the characteristic energy of the Diosi-Penrose criterion, an action is constructed whose relativistic generalisation becomes obvious by a decomposition of the Einstein-Hilbert action to the superposed states. In Part 2, semiclassical gravity is enhanced to the so-called Dynamical Spacetime approach to wavefunction collapse, which leads to a physical mechanism for collapse.

arXiv:1701.00343•Jan 2, 2017•3 citations

Enlightening the CSL model landscape in inflation

Gabriel León, Gabriel R. Bengochea

Abstract We propose a novel realization for the natural extrapolation of the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model, in order to account for the origin of primordial inhomogeneities during inflation. This particular model is based on three main elements: (i) the semiclassical gravity framework, (ii) a collapse-generating operator associated to a relativistic invariant scalar of the energy-momentum tensor, and (iii) an extension of the CSL parameter(s) as a function of the spacetime curvature. Furthermore, employing standard cosmological perturbation theory at linear order, and for a reasonable range within the parameter space of the model, we obtain a nearly scale invariant power spectrum consistent with recent observational CMB data. This opens a vast landscape of different options for the application of the CSL model to the cosmological context, and possibly sheds light on searches for a full covariant version of the CSL theory.

arXiv:2107.05470•The European Physical Journal C•Dec 1, 2021•8 citations

Discussions about the landscape of possibilities for treatments of cosmic inflation involving continuous spontaneous localization models

Gabriel R. Bengochea, Gabriel León, Philip Pearle +1 more

Abstract In this work we consider a wide variety of alternatives opened when applying the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) dynamical collapse theory to the inflationary era. The definitive resolution of many of the issues discussed here will have to await, not only for a general relativistic CSL theory, but for a fully workable theory of quantum gravity. Our concern here is to explore these issues, and to warn against premature conclusions. This exploration includes: two different approaches to deal with quantum field theory and gravitation, the identification of the collapse-generating operator and the general nature and values of the parameters of the CSL theory. All the choices connected with these issues have the potential to dramatically alter the conclusions one can draw. We also argue that the incompatibilities found in a recent paper, between the CSL parameter values and the cosmic microwave background observational data, are associated with specific choices made for the extrapolation to the cosmological context of the CSL theory (as it is known to work in non-relativistic laboratory situations) which do not represent the most natural ones.

arXiv:2008.05285•The European Physical Journal C•Nov 1, 2020•18 citations

Gravity-induced wavefunction-collapse in a temporally expanding spacetime

Garrelt Quandt-Wiese

A gravity-induced approach to wavefunction collapse based on semiclassical gravity is enhanced by the hypothesis of a temporally expanding spacetime, which leads to a collapse model that can resolve the conflict between quantum nonlocality and relativity. It is postulated that the spacetime region on which the evolution of the state vector exists is bounded towards the future by a border that is dynamically moving towards the future, and at which the state vector must fulfil a boundary condition. Wavefunction collapse is represented in such a way that the evolution of the state vector changes abruptly at critical spacetime expansions to an evolution resembling a classical trajectory. This can explain the correlations in EPR experiments without coming into conflict with relativity, since the evolution of the state vector before and after the abrupt change is governed solely by local physical laws. This model leads to the same lifetimes of superpositions as the gravity-based approaches of Diosi and Penrose, and is characterised by the facts that energy is conserved at collapse and that the reduction point in time does not vary statistically. Some unique features of the model are that it naturally leads to stochastic behaviour and that it can predict reduction probabilities. It explains why all experiments performed so far behave in agreement with Born's rule, due to a property that they have in common. This gives rise to new experiments for checking Born's rule, which can be realised in the short term.

arXiv:1701.01765•Jan 2, 2017•0 citations

Enlightening the CSL theory landscape in inflation

Gabriel León, Gabriel R. Bengochea

We propose a novel model for the natural extrapolation of the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) theory, in order to account for the origin of primordial inhomogeneities during inflation. This particular model is based on three main elements: (i) the semiclassical gravity framework, (ii) a collapse-generating operator associated to a relativistic invariant scalar of the energy-momentum tensor, and (iii) an extension of the CSL parameter(s) as a function of the spacetime curvature. Furthermore, employing standard cosmological perturbation theory at linear order, and for a reasonable range within the parameter space of the model, we obtain a nearly scale invariant power spectrum consistent with recent observational CMB data. This opens a vast landscape of different options for the application of the CSL theory to the cosmological context, and possibly sheds light on searches for a full covariant version of the CSL theory.

•Jul 12, 2021•0 citations
Abstract This paper proposes a parameter-free objective reduction theory where wavefunction collapse is induced by gravitational self-energy differences between mass distributions. Unlike Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) models, which rely on phenomenological parameters, the collapse rate in this model (Γ = Eg/ħ) is uniquely determined by universal constants G and ħ. Key Highlights: Dynamical Derivation of the Born Rule: The model demonstrates that the Born probability rule emerges naturally from the martingale property of the stochastic dynamics, rather than being postulated. Experimental Consistency: The theory is shown to be consistent with current laboratory constraints, including double-slit interference experiments with large molecules (mcrit ≈ 10⁻¹⁴ kg) and loophole-free Bell inequality tests. Astrophysical Stability: Analysis confirms the stability of compact objects like neutron stars and the preservation of primordial fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Relativistic Extension: A Lorentz-covariant field-theoretic generalization is provided, using the energy-momentum tensor to source collapse noise while respecting microcausality. The results suggest a self-contained, falsifiable framework for the transition from quantum to classical spacetime without the need for adjustable parameters.
We present a self-consistent stochastic semiclassical framework in which objective localization (collapse) of quantum states induces localized fluctuations in the stress–energy distribution that source causal gravitational wave perturbations via an Einstein–Langevin type equation. The model combines a Lindblad-averaged continuous spontaneous localization (CSL)-like dynamics with a local collapse bookkeeping field that enforces local energy–momentum conservation. Linearized analysis yields a causal wave equation for metric perturbations sourced by a stochastic tensor whose statistics are computable from collapse parameters. We derive scaling laws for expected strain statistics from a localized mass superposition, provide order-of-magnitude estimates and outline experimental strategies and model limitations. The construction avoids standard no-go objections (superluminal signaling and Page–Geilker constraints) at the ensemble level while yielding concrete, testable predictions for future high-sensitivity detectors. This model offers a phenomenological approach that can guide future experiments, assuming advancements in preparing mesoscopic superpositions and detecting subtle gravitational effects.
A new approach to wavefunction collapse is prepared by an analysis of semiclassical gravity. The fact that, in semiclassical gravity, superposed states must share a common classical spacetime geometry, even if they prefer (according to general relativity) differently curved spacetimes, leads to energy increases of the states, when their mass distributions are different. If one interprets these energy increases divided by Planck's constant as decay rates of the states, one obtains the lifetimes of superpositions according to the Diosi-Penrose criterion and reduction probabilities according to Born's rule. The derivation of Born's rule for two-state superpositions can be adapted to the typical quantum mechanical experiments with the help of a common property of these experiments. It is that they lead to never more than two different mass distributions at one location referring e.g. to the cases that a particle "is", or "is not", detected at the location. From the characteristic energy of the Diosi-Penrose criterion, an action is constructed whose relativistic generalisation becomes obvious by a decomposition of the Einstein-Hilbert action to the superposed states. In Part 2, semiclassical gravity is enhanced to the so-called Dynamical Spacetime approach to wavefunction collapse, which leads to a physical mechanism for collapse.
Abstract We propose a novel realization for the natural extrapolation of the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model, in order to account for the origin of primordial inhomogeneities during inflation. This particular model is based on three main elements: (i) the semiclassical gravity framework, (ii) a collapse-generating operator associated to a relativistic invariant scalar of the energy-momentum tensor, and (iii) an extension of the CSL parameter(s) as a function of the spacetime curvature. Furthermore, employing standard cosmological perturbation theory at linear order, and for a reasonable range within the parameter space of the model, we obtain a nearly scale invariant power spectrum consistent with recent observational CMB data. This opens a vast landscape of different options for the application of the CSL model to the cosmological context, and possibly sheds light on searches for a full covariant version of the CSL theory.
Abstract In this work we consider a wide variety of alternatives opened when applying the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) dynamical collapse theory to the inflationary era. The definitive resolution of many of the issues discussed here will have to await, not only for a general relativistic CSL theory, but for a fully workable theory of quantum gravity. Our concern here is to explore these issues, and to warn against premature conclusions. This exploration includes: two different approaches to deal with quantum field theory and gravitation, the identification of the collapse-generating operator and the general nature and values of the parameters of the CSL theory. All the choices connected with these issues have the potential to dramatically alter the conclusions one can draw. We also argue that the incompatibilities found in a recent paper, between the CSL parameter values and the cosmic microwave background observational data, are associated with specific choices made for the extrapolation to the cosmological context of the CSL theory (as it is known to work in non-relativistic laboratory situations) which do not represent the most natural ones.
A gravity-induced approach to wavefunction collapse based on semiclassical gravity is enhanced by the hypothesis of a temporally expanding spacetime, which leads to a collapse model that can resolve the conflict between quantum nonlocality and relativity. It is postulated that the spacetime region on which the evolution of the state vector exists is bounded towards the future by a border that is dynamically moving towards the future, and at which the state vector must fulfil a boundary condition. Wavefunction collapse is represented in such a way that the evolution of the state vector changes abruptly at critical spacetime expansions to an evolution resembling a classical trajectory. This can explain the correlations in EPR experiments without coming into conflict with relativity, since the evolution of the state vector before and after the abrupt change is governed solely by local physical laws. This model leads to the same lifetimes of superpositions as the gravity-based approaches of Diosi and Penrose, and is characterised by the facts that energy is conserved at collapse and that the reduction point in time does not vary statistically. Some unique features of the model are that it naturally leads to stochastic behaviour and that it can predict reduction probabilities. It explains why all experiments performed so far behave in agreement with Born's rule, due to a property that they have in common. This gives rise to new experiments for checking Born's rule, which can be realised in the short term.
We propose a novel model for the natural extrapolation of the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) theory, in order to account for the origin of primordial inhomogeneities during inflation. This particular model is based on three main elements: (i) the semiclassical gravity framework, (ii) a collapse-generating operator associated to a relativistic invariant scalar of the energy-momentum tensor, and (iii) an extension of the CSL parameter(s) as a function of the spacetime curvature. Furthermore, employing standard cosmological perturbation theory at linear order, and for a reasonable range within the parameter space of the model, we obtain a nearly scale invariant power spectrum consistent with recent observational CMB data. This opens a vast landscape of different options for the application of the CSL theory to the cosmological context, and possibly sheds light on searches for a full covariant version of the CSL theory.