Photons have been shown in this author's prior papers to be spinning, washer shaped, atomic sized particles which are single electric field corpuscles that move orthogonally to the washer face at the local speed of light.Thus, light has no frequency and is not a wave.Perhaps one of the major arguments in favor of light being a wave is that diffraction grating experiments accurately identify the source of the emitted photons.A fundamental assumption in the analysis involving these experiments is that the incident light at the grating slits is a coherent wave.It will be shown in this work that this assumption cannot be valid.However, in spite of this result, and in spite of light being particle shaped and not a wave, it is briefly outlined in this work and shown in an upcoming paper that the conclusions which are drawn concerning source identities are correct.Thus, these spectroscopy experiments have great value even though the wavelengths they indicate do not exist.
Photons have been shown in this author's prior papers to be spinning, washer shaped, atomic sized particles which are single electric field corpuscles that move orthogonally to the washer face at the local speed of light.Thus, light has no frequency and is not a wave.Perhaps one of the major arguments in favor of light being a wave is that diffraction grating experiments accurately identify the source of the emitted photons.A fundamental assumption in the analysis involving these experiments is that the incident light at the grating slits is a coherent wave.It will be shown in this work that this assumption cannot be valid.However, in spite of this result, and in spite of light being particle shaped and not a wave, it is briefly outlined in this work and shown in an upcoming paper that the conclusions which are drawn concerning source identities are correct.Thus, these spectroscopy experiments have great value even though the wavelengths they indicate do not exist.
Young's double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been described by wave theories, such as the optical wave theory, the electromagnetic wave (EM wave) theory and pilot wave theory. Recently, the coexistence of the particle nature and the wave distribution of light in double slit and grating experiments has been demonstrated. In this article we utilize the photon chamber to detect the traces of the light beams in the double slit/grating experiments. The existence of the light tracks indicates the particle nature of the light beam in the wave experiments. The particle nature of the light beams is visualized by the tracks, while the wave-like distribution is visualized by the interference/diffraction patterns on screen. Furthermore, we cover the two sides of the photon chamber by metal foils. If the light beams were the EM waves, then the interference/diffraction patterns would be disturbed, however, the experiments show that the light behave as particles moving through the photon chamber, while distribute as waves without being disturbed. Thus, the double slit/grating photon chamber experiments visually indicate that the wave interpretations of the optical wave/EM wave theories of the double slit/grating experiments are incomplete, and that the lights are not the EM waves. However, the experiments support the concept of the pilot wave theory at far field. The experiments in this article make the mystery of the double slit experiments even more mysterious, and violate both the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle.
This chapter addresses the question of whether light consists of waves or particles. This issue was resolved in the nineteenth century when it was shown that light could undergo interference and diffraction. The chapter reviews well-known properties and key features of wave motions that emphasize that a point illuminated by two sources of light can nevertheless be in darkness. It also looks at the measurements of diffraction experiments that allowed the wavelengths of different forms of light to be determined. The chapter explains how and why atoms come together to form molecules and illustrates the structure of the Periodic Table. It discusses electrons which are emitted from metal when the energy of the photon exceeds the work function, which implies that a single quantum of energy must be transferred to a single electron.
Experiments with single photons Central to the entire discipline of quantum optics, as should be evident from the preceding chapters, is the concept of the photon. Yet it is perhaps worthwhile to pause and ask: what is the evidence for the existence of photons? Most of us first encounter the photon concept in the context of the photo-electric effect. As we showed in Chapter 5, the photo-electric effect is, in fact, used to indirectly detect the presence of photons – the photo-electrons being the entities counted. But it turns out that some aspects of the photo-electric effect can be explained without introducing the concept of the photon. In fact, one can go quite far with a semiclassical theory in which only the atoms are quantized with the field treated classically. But we hasten to say that, for a satisfactory explanation of all aspects of the photo-electric effect, the field must be quantized. As it happens, the other venerable “proof” of the existence of photons, the Compton effect, can also be explained without quantized fields. In an attempt to obtain quantum effects with light, Taylor, in 1909, obtained interference fringes in an experiment with an extremely weak source of light. His source was a gas flame and the emitted light was attenuated by means of screens made of smoked glass.
Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been described by wave theories such as the electromagnetic wave, quantum probability waves and pilot waves. Recently, the photon chamber has been proposed to detect the traces of the light beams in the 1D-grating diffraction experiments, namely to visualize the passage of the light beams. In this article we apply the photon chamber to the 2D grating. The experiments show that the light beams behave as rays moving through the photon chamber. The existence of the light tracks indicates the particle nature of the light beams in the wave experiments. The challenge is to explain the fact that the light pass through the photon chamber, which may be placed anywhere between the grating and the detecting screen, as photons, while still distribute as waves on the detecting screen.
Scientific inquiry took millennia to ascertain the true nature of light, and it is not possible here to attempt to recapitulate all of the philosophizing, hypotheses, arguments, and experimentation involved in that great debate. The main point of controversy was whether light should be considered as a particle or as a wave. Empedocles of Acragas (492–432 b.c.e .) was of the opinion that light is a “streaming substance” emitted by luminous bodies, and that light travels at a finite speed ( Sambursky, 1958 ). In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton postulated that light is composed of particles and that color is connected with the size of those particles; however, his contemporary Christiaan Huygens argued that light is a wave that transfers energy but not substance ( Einstein & Infeld, 1966 , p. 105ff). It turns out that light is indeed a wave propagating via electric and magnetic fields, but in addition to exhibiting properties of waves (such as interference) it also exhibits properties of particles (such as momentum and localization). When treating light as particles, the individual quanta are called photons .
Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been described by wave theories such as the electromagnetic wave, quantum probability waves and pilot waves. Recently, the photon chamber has been proposed to detect the traces of the light beams in the 1D-grating diffraction experiments, namely to visualize the passage of the light beams. In this article we apply the photon chamber to the 2D grating. The experiments show that the light beams behave as rays moving through the photon chamber. The existence of the light tracks indicates the particle nature of the light beams in the wave experiments. The challenge is to explain the fact that the light pass through the photon chamber, which may be placed anywhere between the grating and the detecting screen, as photons, while still distribute as waves on the detecting screen.