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Technical Physics Letters

Possibility of Reducing the Destructive Effect of External Electromagnetic Fields on the Quantum Key Distribution in an Optical Fiber

Sergey Yu. Kazantsev, A. K. Nanidzhanyan, A. V. Bahus, M. A. Yarygin

Published Aug 1, 2025• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The results of examination of the effect of ac magnetic fields on a multi-core fiber and the induced polarization distortions of signals propagating through different fiber cores are reported. A strong cross correlation of polarization distortions in different cores of a multi-core fiber is established. An approach is proposed for compensating rapid and chaotic changes in the polarization states of single photons induced by electromagnetic fields on a multi-core fiber telecommunication cable. The proposed approach is based on measuring polarization distortions of a classical communication channel in one of the multi-core fiber cores and compensating for these distortions in a quantum channel within the time interval established using a delay line through which the multi-core fiber cores with implemented quantum communication channels are connected. The need for careful stabilization of the characteristics of a polarization distortion compensation system, which will be connected immediately after mating the multi-core fiber with a conventional single-mode fiber (at constant temperature and without strong external fields) is demonstrated.

DOI
10.1134/s1063785025600759

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Abstract The results of examination of the effect of ac magnetic fields on a multi-core fiber and the induced polarization distortions of signals propagating through different fiber cores are reported. A strong cross correlation of polarization distortions in different cores of a multi-core fiber is established. An approach is proposed for compensating rapid and chaotic changes in the polarization states of single photons induced by electromagnetic fields on a multi-core fiber telecommunication cable. The proposed approach is based on measuring polarization distortions of a classical communication channel in one of the multi-core fiber cores and compensating for these distortions in a quantum channel within the time interval established using a delay line through which the multi-core fiber cores with implemented quantum communication channels are connected. The need for careful stabilization of the characteristics of a polarization distortion compensation system, which will be connected immediately after mating the multi-core fiber with a conventional single-mode fiber (at constant temperature and without strong external fields) is demonstrated.
The results of the study on the correlation of polarization distortions in a multi-core fiber (MCF) under external influences are presented. The influence of mechanical effects and the effect of a magnetic field on the cores of the MCF are investigated. A high correlation of polarization distortions in different cores of a multi-core fiber under physical influence is observed. These results are useful for developing methods to mitigate distortions in the polarization states of single photons in wire quantum channels for quantum key distribution systems.
The article studies the influence of electromagnetic influence on a fiber-optic communication system with quantum cryptographic equipment. The developed test benches and methods of experimental study of the influence of electromagnetic effects on a communication system with quantum cryptographic equipment with fiber-optic communication line are presented. The results of experimental study of electromagnetic influence on the communication system with quantum key distribution and an optical cable are discussed. The results of studying showed that the influence of magnetic fields on the transmission of an optical signal through an optical fiber leads to a significant rotation of the plane of polarization, and therefore to errors and failures in the system with quantum key distribution. At the same time, the experiment showed that the influence of electric fields is insignificant. The obtained data emphasize the need to take into account the electromagnetic environment when designing and operating communication systems with a fiber-optic communication line
The Kerr effect and the Faraday effect are considered for studying the effects of the transverse electric field and the longitudinal magnetic field of lightning in an optical fiber. Presented are experimental study results of electromagnetic fields created by discharges between an artificial thunderstorm cloud and the ground obtained while using the experimental measurement complex “GROZA”. The study results of quantum communication channel and its characteristics, when affected by a magnetic field created by a pulsed current on fiber-optic communication lines are presented. It is demonstrated that an optical cable, through which data protected by quantum key distribution technology is transmitted, can be used as a sensor of alternating magnetic fields, as well as lightning discharges, where transmission characteristics such as reduction of the quantum key transmission rate and QBER increase are used as means of registration.
Subject of Research.The paper deals with temperature effects dependence of the synchronization signal parameters in an optical fiber cable for a subcarrier wave quantum communication system. Two main causes of signal distortion are considered: the change in the refractive index as a function of the average daily temperature and the dispersion effects in the optical fiber, over which the signal is transmitted in the system. Method. To account for these effects, a temperature model has been created. The signal delay is calculated as a result of external influences in the system working with a standard fiber-optic cable. Real operational conditions are taken into account, including cable laying conditions, average daily temperature and wind speed. Main Results. The simulations were carried out on the standard single-mode fiber ITU-T G.652D. It was experimentally obtained that the maximum calculated phase mismatch of the synchronization signal for a system operating at a 100 km fiber length corresponds to a 1.7 ps signal time delay. The maximum operating intervals of the system without the use of phase adjustment are calculated. The obtained results are used to improve the parameters of the subcarrier wave quantum communication system. It is determined that the change in the refractive index in the fiber causes significant distortion of the signal. It is shown that stable operation is possible with adjustment every 158 ms. The additional phase delay resulting from the dispersion effects should be adjusted every 2.3 hours. Practical Relevance. The obtained results enable to optimize the parameters of the subcarrier wave quantum key distribution system to increase the overall key generation rate.
Subject of study. Technology for quantum key distribution in fiber-optic communication lines under the influence of electromagnetic fields generated by atmospheric discharges is studied. Aim of study. A test bench for testing experimental techniques to be used in studying the effect of atmospheric discharges on transmission of a quantum key via fiber-optic communication lines is developed. Method. The characteristics of a quantum communication channel upon exposure of a coil containing an optical fiber to a magnetic field from a pulsed current are experimentally studied. Main results. An experimental test bench has been created and methods have been developed to evaluate the influence of magnetic fields arising from atmospheric discharges (lightning) on the transmission speed of a quantum key in fiber-optic communication lines. It was shown that quantum key distribution blocks using the BB84 phase-encoding protocol continue to show operational stability when the optical cable is exposed to alternating magnetic fields of up to 1.2 mT. However, the very fact of exposure to magnetic fields above 0.8 mT can be detected by a systematic decrease in the quantum key transmission rate and an increase in the quantum bit error rate (QBER) by 0.5%–1%. Practical significance. The laboratory test bench and methods developed herein support magnetic-field testing of various optical cables used for transmission of qubits. Fiber-optic networks through which qubits are transmitted can serve as a distributed lightning sensor; an increase in the level of quantum errors and a decrease in quantum key generation rate will be observed in any segment of an optical network where a lightning discharge generates strong magnetic fields.
The prospects of using multi-core fiber for constructing quantum networks have been analyzed. It has been shown that multi-core fiber has several advantages in implementing the technology of quantum key distribution among multiple groups of subscribers. Test experiments were conducted using scientific and educational complexes to simultaneously implement two quantum and real classical communication channels at speeds of 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps through a single multi-core fiber. The possibility of simultaneous transmission of classical and quantum data through multi-core fiber using phase encoding has been demonstrated.