In this paper, drawing upon quantum state masking theory, we first propose a method that utilizes d-dimensional orthogonal arrays to encode quantum states into a multi-party quantum system. Building upon this foundation, we then design a quantum secret sharing scheme whose security is rooted in the principles of quantum information masking. This scheme is designed based on the hyperstar structure to define the access structure. Additionally, the protocol enables the transmission of arbitrary d-dimensional quantum states through quantum channels constructed using orthogonal arrays, ensuring that only participants within the access structure can recover the secret. We have thoroughly analyzed the security of this scheme against major quantum attacks, including intercept-resend attacks, entangle-measure attacks, and dishonest participant attack. In conclusion, our analysis examines the impact of four common types of noise on this protocol, confirming its immunity to dit-flip noise. Furthermore, we present a comparative analysis of the proposed scheme against existing quantum secret sharing protocols, highlighting its respective advantages.
In this paper, drawing upon quantum state masking theory, we first propose a method that utilizes d-dimensional orthogonal arrays to encode quantum states into a multi-party quantum system. Building upon this foundation, we then design a quantum secret sharing scheme whose security is rooted in the principles of quantum information masking. This scheme is designed based on the hyperstar structure to define the access structure. Additionally, the protocol enables the transmission of arbitrary d-dimensional quantum states through quantum channels constructed using orthogonal arrays, ensuring that only participants within the access structure can recover the secret. We have thoroughly analyzed the security of this scheme against major quantum attacks, including intercept-resend attacks, entangle-measure attacks, and dishonest participant attack. In conclusion, our analysis examines the impact of four common types of noise on this protocol, confirming its immunity to dit-flip noise. Furthermore, we present a comparative analysis of the proposed scheme against existing quantum secret sharing protocols, highlighting its respective advantages.
In this paper, a pair of quantum states are constructed based on an orthogonal array and further generalized to multi-body quantum systems. Subsequently, a novel physical process is designed, which is aimed at effectively masking quantum states within multipartite quantum systems. According to this masker, a new authenticable quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed, which can realize a class of special access structures. In the distribution phase, an unknown quantum state is shared safely among multiple participants, and this secret quantum state is embedded into a multi-particle entangled state using the masking approach. In the reconstruction phase, a series of precisely designed measurements and corresponding unitary operations are performed by the participants in the authorized set to restore the original information quantum state. To ensure the security of the scheme, the security analysis of five major types of quantum attacks is conducted. Finally, when compared with other quantum secret sharing schemes based on entangled states, the proposed scheme is found to be not only more flexible but also easier to implement based on existing quantum computing cloud platforms.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing (QSS) has significant potential to improve secure communications. However, conventional QSS protocols, typically based on (n, n) or (t, n) threshold structures, require participants to possess symmetric authority, which is often impractical. To address scenarios with participants holding asymmetric privileges, we propose an innovative QSS scheme that realizes a hypergraph structure. This enables secret recovery only for authorized sets with the appropriate privileges. In detail, a specialized hypergraph structure is investigated to construct d-dimensional multipartite entangled states. Using these states, we develop an authenticated QSS protocol that enables secret recovery by authorized sets. Security analysis confirms the protocol’s resilience against common attacks, including intercept-resend, entangle-measure, dishonest participant and Trojan horse attacks. We further characterize the distinct impacts of dit-flip, phase-flip, dit-phase-flip, and depolarizing noise channels on quantum state transmission within the protocol. This characterization demonstrates that dynamically adapting error probability threshold according to prevailing noise conditions is essential to maintain security. Compared with existing protocols, our scheme improves quantum efficiency and reduces the number of unitary operations, which enhances its experimental feasibility.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing, a pivotal research domain within quantum cryptography, has significant applications across diverse fields such as information security and distributed quantum computing. This paper proposes a d-dimensional hierarchical quantum multi-secret sharing scheme with a general access structure. In the proposed scheme, the distributor constructs a special entangled state by leveraging the secret values at each level and a monotone span program. During the secret reconstruction phase, participants only need to measure the particles in their possession, and authorized participants at each level can recover multiple secrets shared at that level. Additionally, each participant can independently compute and obtain multiple lower-level secrets but cannot access any higher-level secret information. Compared to existing hierarchical quantum secret sharing schemes, the proposed scheme is better suited for specific application scenarios with unique requirements. Furthermore, security analysis demonstrates that the scheme can resist various attacks, such as measurement attacks, intercept-resend attacks, entanglement-measurement attacks, Trojan horse attacks, and collusion attacks.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a fundamental primitive in quantum cryptography. The existing QSS protocols are either [Formula: see text]-threshold or [Formula: see text]-threshold access structure, where [Formula: see text] denotes the number of players and [Formula: see text] denotes the threshold number of players. Here, we introduce a novel verifiable QSS scheme that executes a restricted hyperstar access structure by using entangled states. Our method involves encoding selected quantum states and their corresponding measurements to yield outcomes of either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we give the validation of the scheme through the system of equations derived from the measurements, which then guarantees the honesty of the participants. At last, we also analyze the security of our scheme in two primary quantum attacks, such as external attacks and internal attacks.
Quantum secret sharing is an important branch of quantum cryptography, and secure multi-party quantum key distribution protocols can be constructed using quantum secret sharing. In this paper, we construct a quantum secret sharing scheme built on a constrained (t, n ) threshold access structure, where n is the number of participants and t is the threshold number of participants and the distributor. Participants from two different sets perform the corresponding phase shift operations on two particles in the GHZ state passed to them, and then t−1 participants with the distributor can recover the key, where the participant recovering the key measures the particles received by himself and finally obtains the key through the collaboration of the distributors. Security analysis shows that this protocol can be resistant to direct measurement attacks, interception retransmission attacks, and entanglement measurement attacks. This protocol is more secure, flexible, and efficient compared with similar existing protocols, which can save more quantum resources.
Multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme with high efficient based on entanglement states is proposed and analyzed. A three-party which is presented shares a sequence of joint key bits. In this scheme, a general proof of the security against eavesdropping for three-party quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping is provided. The scheme which is showed is secure against a dishonest participant's intercept-and-resend attack and eavesdropper's entangle auxiliary-particles attack. In case of eavesdropping attacks with full information again, the detection bit needs to be transmitted except those for detection, the total efficiency of the scheme approaches to 100%. The protocol can be generalized to N-party system by using N-partite entanglement states.