The growing complexity of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has generated massive multivariate time-series data at the edge, challenging traditional forecasting and anomaly-detection models due to limited computation, memory, and energy on edge devices. Quantum machine learning (QML) provides a promising solution through expressive, parameter-efficient models that align with these constraints. This study proposes two distinct quantum-classical approaches for edge-based IoT analytics. The first combines a Quantum Neural Network (QNN) with a Quantum Autoencoder (QAE) to deliver lightweight forecasting and anomaly detection. The second employs Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (QLSTM) networks, exploring multiple variants and introducing optimization strategies to enable efficient deployment on a Raspberry Pi 5 using PennyLane simulators. Both approaches are evaluated on two real-world IoT datasets Bker (weather parameters) and ETTm1 (transformer temperature) and with a unified preprocessing pipeline incorporating normalization and PCA-based dimensionality reduction. Results show that QLSTM variants achieve superior forecasting accuracy, while QNN+QAE ensures robust anomaly detection with minimal resource overhead. A lightweight QLSTM variant strikes the best balance between accuracy and inference latency, enabling real-time edge deployment. To our knowledge, this is among the first practical demonstrations of QML-based forecasting and anomaly detection directly on edge hardware, highlighting a feasible pathway toward quantum-enhanced IoT intelligence.
The growing complexity of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has generated massive multivariate time-series data at the edge, challenging traditional forecasting and anomaly-detection models due to limited computation, memory, and energy on edge devices. Quantum machine learning (QML) provides a promising solution through expressive, parameter-efficient models that align with these constraints. This study proposes two distinct quantum-classical approaches for edge-based IoT analytics. The first combines a Quantum Neural Network (QNN) with a Quantum Autoencoder (QAE) to deliver lightweight forecasting and anomaly detection. The second employs Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (QLSTM) networks, exploring multiple variants and introducing optimization strategies to enable efficient deployment on a Raspberry Pi 5 using PennyLane simulators. Both approaches are evaluated on two real-world IoT datasets Bker (weather parameters) and ETTm1 (transformer temperature) and with a unified preprocessing pipeline incorporating normalization and PCA-based dimensionality reduction. Results show that QLSTM variants achieve superior forecasting accuracy, while QNN+QAE ensures robust anomaly detection with minimal resource overhead. A lightweight QLSTM variant strikes the best balance between accuracy and inference latency, enabling real-time edge deployment. To our knowledge, this is among the first practical demonstrations of QML-based forecasting and anomaly detection directly on edge hardware, highlighting a feasible pathway toward quantum-enhanced IoT intelligence.
The proliferation of large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) networks introduce significant challenges for real-time anomaly detection, particularly due to the massive volume, high speed, and heterogeneity of IoT-generated data. Traditional and deep learning-based models, while effective to some extent, often face computational bottlenecks that limit their scalability and responsiveness in complex IoT environments. To address these limitations, this paper investigates the application of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) for anomaly detection in IoT systems. By leveraging the parallelism and high-dimensional processing capabilities of quantum computing, QML offers a promising pathway to overcome current computational constraints. We propose a novel anomaly detection framework based on Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) designed to enhance security, reliability, and real-time responsiveness across diverse IoT scenarios, including smart homes, industrial IoT, healthcare monitoring, and critical infrastructure protection. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of existing anomaly detection challenges, practical IoT applications, and outlines future research directions, including hybrid quantum-classical architectures, resource-efficient quantum algorithms for edge computing, and the integration of QML with emerging technologies to ensure scalable, secure, and robust IoT systems.
In recent years, the electricity consumption in residential sector has witnessed a significant increase due to the population growth on one hand and the widespread adoption of electrical appliances on the other hand.Hence, finding solutions to decrease electricity consumption has become a matter of great interest for researchers.To address this challenge, we propose a Quantum Cognitive IoT (QCIoT) Framework that integrates quantum deep learning with edge computing to optimize energy use in smart homes.Our key innovation is a hybrid Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (QLSTM) model, which enhances traditional LSTM networks by leveraging quantum circuits for improved timeseries forecasting.Specifically, QLSTM employs parameterized quantum gates to process temporal dependencies more efficiently, enabling higher accuracy than classical approaches.We evaluate quantum-enhanced LSTMs (QLSTMs) against classical LSTM baselines on multivariate time-series forecasting.Experimental results demonstrate that QLSTMs significantly outperform classical counterparts, with the multivariate QLSTM (MQLSTM) achieving a 25.8% reduction in RMSE and improving explanatory power by 78.3%.While QLSTMs exhibit slightly slower convergence, they deliver superior generalization, evidenced by lower test loss and stable training dynamics.These advantages stem from quantum parallelism, entanglement and optimized state representation, which enable superior handling of noisy, high-dimensional smart home data.By integrating quantum-enhanced forecasting with edge-based IoT systems, our framework offers a scalable solution for real-time energy management in smart homes.This work bridges quantum computing and smart infrastructure, demonstrating practical benefits for sustainability and energy savings.
Abstract The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures has heightened their exposure to sophisticated adversaries, including those equipped with quantum capabilities. This work introduces a hybrid framework that integrates post-quantum cryptography (PQC), quantum key distribution (QKD), and quantum machine learning (QML) to deliver quantum-resilient anomaly detection. A novel PQC-IoT dataset is generated using real-time Raspberry Pi sensors, enriched with 30+ features spanning 12 traffic classes (9 attacks, 3 benign), and incorporating PQC-specific metadata such as encryption latency and ciphertext size. Security is enforced through Kyber-512 encryption and a BB84-based QKD channel, while anomaly detection is performed using a quantum support vector machine (qSVM). Experimental results show that qSVM consistently outperforms classical SVM and XGBoost by 4--7% in accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, achieving up to 97.6% accuracy with encryption overhead limited to 5--7%. The framework maintains a Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) below 11% under noise models, validating its robustness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reproducible benchmark that unifies PQC, QKD, and QML into a single pipeline, offering a practical pathway toward quantum-secure IoT anomaly detection.
The blistering development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought an urgent necessity to an efficient data processing at the end of the network, where devices are characterized by few computational capabilities, and little to no energy availability. Conventional machine learning (ML) solutions can offer high-performance on a centralized system, but do not provide the edge environments with the required latency and the corresponding performance. This paper gives a quantum machine learning (QML)-backed architecture that is used to optimize IoT edge processing, inspiring quantum feature encoding along with quantum neural networks with classical post-processing resource allocation. Different simulated IoT datasets were tested on the framework and they all represent applications to smart home, industrial IoT, and environment monitoring. According to experimental findings, processing latency (improved by 39 percent), energy consumption (improved by 40 percent), memory reorganization (improved by 40 percent), and prediction accuracy (improved by 6 per cent.) were significantly less than conventional ML models. The results demonstrate that QML models are able to make real-time decisions significant and scalable as well as sustainable in edge computing. Quantum-enhanced edge intelligence can significantly improve IoT data processing speed, efficiency, and smart decision-making.
The rapid digitalization of manufacturing systems has led to the widespread adoption of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks, enabling real-time monitoring, data-driven optimization, and intelligent automation. A critical application within this paradigm is predictive maintenance, which aims to anticipate equipment failures before they occur, thereby reducing downtime, operational costs, and safety risks. However, traditional machine learning approaches for predictive maintenance and anomaly detection often struggle with high-dimensional sensor data, complex nonlinear relationships, and scalability constraints in large industrial environments. This paper explores the emerging role of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) as a novel computational framework for enhancing predictive maintenance and anomaly detection in smart manufacturing systems. By leveraging quantum principles such as superposition and quantum-enhanced feature spaces, QML algorithms offer new possibilities for processing complex industrial data more efficiently and accurately. The study examines hybrid quantum–classical models for fault prediction, early anomaly detection, and pattern recognition in IIoT networks, highlighting their potential advantages over classical methods. Challenges related to hardware limitations, data encoding, and industrial deployment are also discussed, providing a balanced perspective on the feasibility and future impact of quantum-enhanced intelligence in smart manufacturing.
Abstract The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has produced a highly linked digital environment together with a growing number of complex cyber threats. This work presents a Quantum-Enhanced Hybrid Anomaly Detection Framework combining two advanced Quantum Machine Learning (QML) models: Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) and Quantum Neural Network (QNN) to address these challenges. By projecting data into high-dimensional quantum spaces, QSVM efficiently classifies non-linear and low-frequency threats such as User to Root (U2R) and Probe attacks using quantum kernel functions. Concurrently, QNN models utilize Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) to detect large-scale threats like Denial of Service (DoS) and Remote to Local (R2L) attacks by offering superior generalization. Both models produce a final, high-confidence prediction by combining their outputs using a soft voting ensemble approach. The proposed framework guarantees scalability and resilience while ensuring compatibility with present simulation systems. The experimental results obtained indicate that the hybrid QSVM + QNN model significantly outperforms standalone models and conventional methods, providing a future-ready security solution for next-generation IoT infrastructures. In addition, this model delivers a robust, adaptable, and quantum-resilient security solution, well-suited for safeguarding future IoT ecosystems.