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Fiber characterization for single-photon frequency conversion applications

Clélia Deroo-Blanquart, Vincent Pêcheur, Stéphane Clemmen

Published Sep 22, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Bragg Scattering Four-Wave mixing (BS-4WM) is used in fibers to frequency shift single photons. We investigate how its phase matching condition can be controlled by changing the fiber temperature. We then are able to optimize the efficiency of the BS-4WM process for selected wavelengths that will ultimately allow a scheme of active multiplexing of single photons.

DOI
10.1051/epjconf/202533506003/pdf

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Bragg Scattering Four-Wave mixing (BS-4WM) is used in fibers to frequency shift single photons. We investigate how its phase matching condition can be controlled by changing the fiber temperature. We then are able to optimize the efficiency of the BS-4WM process for selected wavelengths that will ultimately allow a scheme of active multiplexing of single photons.
Efficient frequency conversion is crucial for interfacing photons with a variety of quantum systems ranging from matter qubits (color centers, quantum dots, atoms), optical fibers, detectors, that often operate at widely different wavelengths. Frequency conversion is also a resource to process quantum information.1, 2 Parametric processes such as sum frequency generation (SFG) and Bragg scattering four wave mixing (BS-FWM) offer a good versatility for such frequency conversion. It is well understood that those nonlinear processes have to be strong enough and satisfy phase matching to achieve a high conversion efficiency. While it is enough to consider those two aspects for moderate conversion efficiency up to 50%, the analysis is a bit more complicated when targeting efficiencies closely approaching unity. We are reviewing the pitfall that must be avoided to indeed reach near unity frequency transduction.
We develop a systematic theory for optimizing single-photon frequency conversion using optical Bragg scattering in third-order nonlinear media. The efficiency and phase-matching conditions for the desired Bragg scattering conversion as well as spurious scattering and modulation instability are identified. We find that third-order dispersion can suppress unwanted processes, while dispersion above the fourth order limits the maximum conversion efficiency. We apply the optimization conditions to frequency conversion in highly nonlinear fiber, silicon nitride waveguides, and silicon nanowires. Efficient conversion is confirmed using full numerical simulations. These design rules will assist the development of efficient quantum frequency conversion between multicolor single-photon sources for integration in complex quantum networks.
The authors consider, experimentally and theoretically, the quantum frequency translation (i.e., noiseless conversion) of quantum states of light, including single-photon states. This process is useful for allowing quantum optical systems (atoms, ions, cavities, fibers, detectors) operating at different wavelengths to communicate with each other. The authors recently developed the process of frequency translation in optical fiber through use of the Bragg scattering four-wave mixing process. The high nonlinearity and the ability to control dispersion in photonic crystal fiber (PCF) enable efficient translation between nearby photon channels within the visible to-near-infrared spectral range, useful in quantum networks. This offers an important advantage compared with frequency translation using second-order nonlinear optical crystals, which limits the translation process to widely separated frequencies only.