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International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)

Imbalanced Quantum Channels in Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Repeater Schemes

Lucas Vogeli, Phillip Cornett, Albert B. Dinkins V, Kwang‐Cheng Chen

Published Nov 9, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum entanglement-based networks enjoy extreme security due to quantum mechanics, but must distribute entanglement over communications channels that will introduce quantum decoherence processes. Quantum teleportation serves the fundamental mechanism in quantum entanglement networks, but involves two quantum channels going through different decoherence processes. This situation suggests imbalanced phase distortions due to different quantum decoherence processes in two channels, and consequently disrupt the normal operation of quantum teleportation and further entanglement swapping protocols. By modeling quantum decoherence in a quantum channel in terms of a unitary phase rotation, we analyze both quantum entanglement-based networking protocols that utilize Bell states and derive closed-form expressions for teleportation fidelity and the success probability of quantum swapping, a vital mechanism that facilitates quantum repeaters in quantum communication networks. We discover a simple, yet paramount result: operation performance depends on the mismatch between the two quantum channels by a pair of Bell-state particles, rather than the absolute phase distortions of each channel, which suggests the desirable factor of entanglement distribution in a quantum communication network and distributed quantum computing.

DOI
10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351266

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Quantum entanglement-based networks enjoy extreme security due to quantum mechanics, but must distribute entanglement over communications channels that will introduce quantum decoherence processes. Quantum teleportation serves the fundamental mechanism in quantum entanglement networks, but involves two quantum channels going through different decoherence processes. This situation suggests imbalanced phase distortions due to different quantum decoherence processes in two channels, and consequently disrupt the normal operation of quantum teleportation and further entanglement swapping protocols. By modeling quantum decoherence in a quantum channel in terms of a unitary phase rotation, we analyze both quantum entanglement-based networking protocols that utilize Bell states and derive closed-form expressions for teleportation fidelity and the success probability of quantum swapping, a vital mechanism that facilitates quantum repeaters in quantum communication networks. We discover a simple, yet paramount result: operation performance depends on the mismatch between the two quantum channels by a pair of Bell-state particles, rather than the absolute phase distortions of each channel, which suggests the desirable factor of entanglement distribution in a quantum communication network and distributed quantum computing.
Quantum communication which is our ability to transmission quantum information between remote locations is a primitive operation necessary for a future quantum internet. Quantum communication at its heart relies on establishing entangled links between remote locations which can then be used to teleport quantum data. Typically channel losses limit the distance that photons can be sent without some form of quantum repeater networks which segments the channel into smaller pieces. Entanglement distribution, purification and swapping operations then allows one to create high fidelity entangled pairs between the desired remote locations. Several generations of quantum repeaters have been proposed with dramatically increasing performance but the ultimate network performance is limited by channel losses which are typically fundamental in nature. Here we introduce the concept of quantum multiplexing, which allows us to both minimize the number of photons needed in the entanglement distribution processing but also enhance the quality of the entangled pairs generated. In this presentation we discuss the potential performance gains our quantum multiplexing approach gives.
Summary form only given. Entanglement is the resource that makes quantum communication and quantum computation work. The most basic quantum communication protocols are quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. In quantum teleportation one of two parties wants to send the other one a quantum state using some independent carrier. Entanglement swapping in its simplest form is the use of quantum teleportation to transmit a quantum state that is already entangled with some other state. Thereby the entanglement that existed between the original particle and its partner is transferred to the output particle. Both teleportation and entanglement swapping have successfully been demonstrated. However, in none of the experiments the quality of teleportation was high enough to produce output correlations that could have violated a Bell-type inequality. In this work we will show that qubit teleportation using polarization-entangled photon pairs can produce the desired correlations.
Quantum mechanics shows superiority than classical mechanics in many aspects and quantum entanglement plays an essential role in information processing and some computational tasks such as quantum teleportation (QT). QT was proposed to transmit the unknown states, in which EPR pairs, the entangled states, can be used as quantum channels. In this paper, we present two simple schemes for teleporting a product state of two arbitrary single-particle and an arbitrary two-particle pure entangled state respectively. Alice and Bob have shared an entangle state. Two Bell states are used as quantum channels. Then after Alice measuring her qubits and informing Bob her measurement results, Bob can perfectly reconstruct the original state by performing corresponding unitary operators on his qubits. It shown that a product state of two arbitrary single-particle and an arbitrary two-particle pure entangled state can be teleported perfectly, i.e. the success probabilities of our schemes are both 1.
Transmitting unknown quantum states to distant locations is crucial for distributed quantum information protocols. The seminal quantum teleportation scheme achieves this feat while requiring prior maximal entanglement between the sender and receiver. In scenarios with noisy entangled states, optimal teleportation fidelity characterizes the efficacy of transmitting the state, demanding the proper selection of local operations at the sender's and receiver's ends. The complexity escalates further in long-range communication setups, prompting the consideration of a repeater-based approach, which incorporates arrays of nodes with multiple segments to facilitate the efficient transmission of quantum information. The fidelity of the communication line gets degraded even if a single segment is affected by noise. In such cases, the general wisdom employs the standard entanglement swapping protocol involving maximally entangled states across the noiseless segments and applying maximally entangled basis measurement at the corresponding nodes to achieve optimal fidelity. In this Letter, we propose a more efficient protocol for a certain class of noisy states, achieving the same fidelity as the standard protocol while consuming less amount of entanglement. Our approach ensures optimal teleportation fidelity even when the end-to-end state gets noisier, and thus promises efficient utility of quantum resources in repeater-based distributed quantum protocols.
Abstract Quantum teleportation as the key strategy for quantum communication requires pure maximally shared entangled states among quantum nodes. In practice, quantum decoherence drastically degrades the shared entanglement during entanglement distribution, which is a serious challenge for the development of quantum networks. However, most of the decoherence control strategies proposed thus far are either resource-intensive or time-consuming. To overcome this obstacle, we enable noise-resistant teleportation through a noisy channel with a limited number of qubits and without applying time-consuming weak measurements. We apply a quantum gate control unit consisting of a controlled NOT gate and a rotation gate after the original teleportation protocol is accomplished. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a teleportation fidelity of unity is attainable when environment-assisted measurement is added to the proposed teleportation protocol via quantum gates. Moreover, we present an entanglement distribution process by employing the designed quantum gate control unit followed by the deterministic standard teleportation protocol to improve teleportation fidelity by establishing improved shared entanglement. Our performance analysis indicates that the proposed teleportation schemes offer a competitive fidelity and success probability compared with the conventional schemes and a recent weak measurement-based teleportation protocol.
We show that the most general protocol of quantum communication between two end-points of a quantum network with arbitrary topology can be reduced to an ensemble of Choi matrices subject to local operations and classical communication. This is found by using a teleportation-based technique which applies to a wide range of quantum channels both in discrete- and continuous-variable settings, including lossy channels, quantum-limited amplifiers, dephasing and erasure channels. Thanks to this reduction, we compute the optimal rates (capacities) at which two end-points of a quantum network can transmit quantum information, distil entanglement, or distribute secret keys. These capacities are all bounded or equal to a single quantity, that we call the entanglement flux of the quantum network. As a particular case, we derive these optimal rates for the basic paradigm of a linear chain of quantum repeaters. Thus our results establish the ultimate rates for repeater-based and network-assisted quantum communications under the most relevant models of noise and decoherence.