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LaserPhys Youth School-Conference

Methods for Controlling Electric Fields in Experiments with Single Rydberg Atoms

Alexandra SOLOGUB

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The properties of Rydberg atoms are utilized for the implementation of quantum computers. Their large dipole moments provide strong interaction between qubits, as well as high sensitivity to external electric fields. Short-term laser excitation of atoms into Rydberg states allows for switching the interactions between qubits on and off, which is necessary for performing quantum operations and simulations. Within a high-vacuum cell, atoms are captured in a dipole trap. Ring electrodes, located inside the high-vacuum cell, are used to apply an electric field. In this work, the electric field distribution was obtained through numerical simulation using QuickField.

DOI
10.15862/83mnnpk25.31

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The properties of Rydberg atoms are utilized for the implementation of quantum computers. Their large dipole moments provide strong interaction between qubits, as well as high sensitivity to external electric fields. Short-term laser excitation of atoms into Rydberg states allows for switching the interactions between qubits on and off, which is necessary for performing quantum operations and simulations. Within a high-vacuum cell, atoms are captured in a dipole trap. Ring electrodes, located inside the high-vacuum cell, are used to apply an electric field. In this work, the electric field distribution was obtained through numerical simulation using QuickField.
Atoms excited to Rydberg states have recently emerged as a valuable resource in neutral atom platforms for quantum computation, quantum simulation, and quantum information processing. Atoms in Rydberg states have large polarizabilities, making them highly sensitive to electric fields. Therefore, stray electric fields can decohere these atoms, in addition to compromising the fidelity of engineered interactions between them. It is therefore essential to cancel these stray electric fields. Here we present a novel, simple, and highly-compact electrode assembly, implemented in a glass cell-based vacuum chamber design, for stray electric field cancellation. The electrode assembly allows for full 3D control of the electric field in the vicinity of the atoms while blocking almost no optical access. We experimentally demonstrate the cancellation of stray electric fields to better than 10 mV/cm using this electrode assembly.
Atoms excited to Rydberg states have recently emerged as a valuable resource in neutral atom platforms for quantum computation, quantum simulation, and quantum information processing. Atoms in Rydberg states have large polarizabilities, which makes them highly sensitive to electric fields. Therefore, stray electric fields can decohere these atoms, in addition to compromising the fidelity of engineered interactions between them. Therefore, it is essential to cancel these stray electric fields. Here, we present a novel, simple, and highly compact electrode assembly, implemented in a glass cell-based vacuum chamber design, for stray electric field cancellation. The electrode assembly allows for full 3D control of the electric field in the vicinity of the atoms while blocking almost no optical access. We experimentally demonstrate the cancellation of stray electric fields to better than 10 mV/cm using this electrode assembly.
We present a brief overview of the current state of the experimental research on the development of the element base of quantum computers with qubits based on single neutral atoms trapped in optical traps. The discussion focuses on the requirements for qubits, peculiarities of single neutral atoms as qubits, methods for the quantum register development and for the implementation of single-qubit quantum logic operations in the laser and microwave fields, and two-qubit operations through the dipole–dipole interaction after a short laser excitation of atoms to the Rydberg states. The results of the experiments on the observation of the interaction of two and three Rydberg atoms by a Förster resonance controlled by dc and radio-frequency electric field are presented.
Quantum computing and quantum simulation with ultracold neutral atoms require Rydberg excitation of individual atoms in atomic arrays. Rydberg states are extremely sensitive to external electric fields, therefore precise three-dimensional control of the electric field is essential. We performed a spectroscopic study of three-photon Rydberg excitation of a single Rb atom in an optical dipole trap in the presence of an external DC electric field. The field was generated by eight electrodes deposited on the inner surfaces of an ultrahigh-vacuum glass cell. The used three-photon scheme of laser excitation of Rydberg \textit{nP} states allows the Stark shift and the splitting of the resonances to be observed simultaneously, which simplifies calibration of the electric field. In addition, in the commonly used two-photon Rydberg excitation schemes, the light shifts can complicate accurate determination of the DC Stark shift, particularly when the external electric field is scanned across different spatial directions, and different Stark components are excited. These shifts are absent in the three-photon excitation scheme used in our experiment. We demonstrated the ability to independently tune the electric field along all three spatial directions and to compensate for stray electric fields. The measured three-photon spectra exhibit Stark shifts and splittings of the three-photon resonance that are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. These results are also of interest for Rydberg electrometry.
In this work, numerical calculations were implemented based on the diagonalisation of a matrix representation of the Stark Hamiltonian on a subset of the basis given by the zero-field Hamiltonian. Dipole matrix elements between the involved states were calculated, which allow for the prediction of transition strengths to Stark shifted Rydberg states. The applicability of the numerical methods were confirmed experimentally by precision spectroscopy in a rubidium vapour cell with electrodes using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The numerical methods were then extended to predict ionisation rates of Rydberg states in the highly Stark shifted regime beyond the classical ionisation threshold. For this purpose, a complex absorbing potential (CAP) was specifically adjusted to the Stark Hamiltonian. An experiment was conducted, in which cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap (MOT) were excited to Stark shifted Rydberg states and the arising ions were detected. The obtained ionisation spectra agree well with the results from the numerical calculations. Another extension of the numerical methods was implemented for crossed electric and magnetic fields. This was used for approximate calculations of the motional Stark effect (MSE), which acts on atoms moving through static magnetic fields and thereby experiencing a Lorentz electric field. In a precision spectroscopy, once more using EIT in a vapour cell, the MSE was observed in low magnetic fields for the first time in rubidium. The spectral shift, which is caused by the MSE, matches the prediction from the numerical calculations. In a final experiment, the practical use of the knowledge of several properties of Stark shifted Rydberg states was illustrated. The numerical methods including the CAP were used to specifically select states for their optical accessibility, permanent electric dipole moments and ionisation rates. In the experiment, atoms from a MOT were excited to these states to observe different characteristics of the dipole blockade effect. The detection scheme for this experiment was realised by controlled ionisation using only small changes in the external electric field.
A brief overview of the current state of the experimental research on the development of the element base of quantum computers with qubits based on single neutral atoms trapped in optical traps. The requirements for qubits, peculiarities of single neutral atoms as qubits, methods for the quantum register development and for the implementation of single-qubit quantum logic operations in the laser and microwave fields, and two-qubit operations through the dipole–dipole interaction after a short laser excitation of atoms to the Rydberg states are discussed. The results of the experiments on the observation of the interaction of two Rydberg atoms at a Förster resonance controlled by the dc and radio-frequency electric field are presented.