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Optica Quantum

Quantum communication with quantum dots beyond telecom wavelengths via hollow-core fibers

Lorenzo Carosini, Francesco Giorgino, Patrik Isene Sund, L. M. Hansen, René Hamel, Seyed Mohammad Abokhamis Mousavi, Lee A. Rozema, Francesco Poletti, Radan Slavı́k, Philip John Walther, Christopher Hilweg

Published Jan 21, 2026• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum-dot single-photon sources are promising for quantum communication. Yet, the most advanced devices operate near 900 nm, where standard single-mode fibers experience significant losses. We address this by employing a hollow-core fiber engineered for low-loss transmission at quantum-dot wavelengths, with measured loss of 0.65 dB/km and potentially as low as 0.13 dB/km near 934 nm. The same fiber also supports strong classical signals at 1550 nm without introducing detectable Raman noise. Using this platform, we transmit all four BB84 polarization states from an InAs quantum dot over 340 m with a quantum bit error rate of 0.1% while preserving single-photon purity and indistinguishability even in the presence of a strong classical signal. These results establish an integrated transmission platform that combines a custom-engineered anti-resonant hollow-core fiber with co-existence of classical and quantum channels, enabling practical quantum-dot-based quantum key distribution beyond the conventional telecom bands.

DOI
10.1364/opticaq.579657

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Quantum-dot single-photon sources are promising for quantum communication. Yet, the most advanced devices operate near 900 nm, where standard single-mode fibers experience significant losses. We address this by employing a hollow-core fiber engineered for low-loss transmission at quantum-dot wavelengths, with measured loss of 0.65 dB/km and potentially as low as 0.13 dB/km near 934 nm. The same fiber also supports strong classical signals at 1550 nm without introducing detectable Raman noise. Using this platform, we transmit all four BB84 polarization states from an InAs quantum dot over 340 m with a quantum bit error rate of 0.1% while preserving single-photon purity and indistinguishability even in the presence of a strong classical signal. These results establish an integrated transmission platform that combines a custom-engineered anti-resonant hollow-core fiber with co-existence of classical and quantum channels, enabling practical quantum-dot-based quantum key distribution beyond the conventional telecom bands.
Quantum dot single-photon sources are promising for quantum communication. Yet, the most advanced devices operate near 900 nm, where standard single-mode fibers experience significant losses. We address this by employing a hollow-core fiber engineered for low-loss transmission at quantum dot wavelengths, with measured loss of 0.65 dB/km and potentially as low as 0.12 dB/km near 934 nm. The fiber also supports strong classical signals at 1550 nm without adding Raman noise. Using this platform, we transmit all four BB84 polarization states from an InAs quantum dot over 340 m with 0.1% QBER, preserving single-photon purity and indistinguishability even in the presence of a strong classical signal. These results highlight how tailored transmission media enable quantum networks beyond the limits of standard telecom fibers.
The co-propagation of quantum and classical signals through shared optical fibers is crucial for scalable quantum networks. However, this coexistence is fundamentally limited by spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) from the bright classical light, which generates overwhelming noise that disrupts the single-photon-level quantum signals. Here, we overcome this long-standing challenge by leveraging the inherently ultralow nonlinearity of hollow-core fiber (HCF) to suppress SpRS noise. By operating both the quantum time synchronization (QTS) and classical optical frequency transfer (OFT) signals within the telecom C-band, separated by only ~10 nm, we successfully demonstrate their simultaneous transmission over a 122-km HCF link. With a classical OFT power of 1 mW, the QTS performance shows negligible degradation, maintaining sub-picosecond time stability at 2000 s, while the OFT achieves a fractional frequency instability of 10^-20. Near-sub-picosecond QTS stability is preserved even when the classical power is increased to 3 mW. Furthermore, simulations based on our experimental data indicate that with next-generation low-loss HCF, the platform can tolerate classical powers beyond 10 mW and extend the QTS range to over 500 km. By realizing a unified quantum-classical time-frequency distribution framework, this work establishes HCF as a highly capable and practical platform for future scalable quantum networks.
Integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical optical networks is essential for the large-scale deployment of quantum-secure communication. However, the nonlinear impairments induced by classical signals pose significant challenges to co-propagation systems based on single-mode fiber. Although hollow-core fiber (HCF) offers low nonlinearity and low transmission loss, non-uniform attenuation and residual nonlinear effects still degrade the performance of the coexistence transmission system. To address these issues, we construct a co-propagation system based on HCF and propose a quantum-classical joint optimization (QCJO) scheme that effectively minimizes nonlinear noise and enhances the overall robustness of the system. In addition, we demonstrate the co-propagation of a commercial QKD system and an optical transmission network with 40 Tbps (50×800 Gbps ) classical communication capacity over a 101.6 km HCF link. The result represents the recorded classical capacity in fiber-based quantum-classical coexistence transmission and the secure key rate of 9.56 kbps satisfies the fundamental requirements for secure encryption. This work marks significant progress toward massive quantum network deployment and lays a foundation for inherent-security and high-capacity telecommunication infrastructures.
The integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical optical networks has emerged as a pivotal strategy for building secure communication infrastructures. However, achieving their coexistence in silica-core fibers faces inherent limitations due to nonlinear interference, particularly under high classical signal power. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the coexistence of classical optical transport networks and QKD over 101.6 km of hollow-core fiber (HCF) with classical power exceeding 20 dBm for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Through systematic theoretical analysis, we characterize HCF’s transmission loss and nonlinear noise generation mechanisms, revealing its unique compatibility with high-power classical–quantum coexistence compared to conventional fibers. To address spectral interference from HCF’s absorption peaks and nonlinear effects, we propose a spectrally optimized multi-stage allocation (SOMA) scheme that coordinates low-loss channel selection and noise suppression. Experimental validation shows that, under the SOMA scheme, coexisting classical signals achieve 19 dBm in single-wavelength configuration and 21 dBm in multi-wavelength configuration, while maintaining a secure key rate above 10 kbps. This breakthrough establishes HCF as a viable platform for simultaneous high-capacity classical communication and quantum-secured data transmission, overcoming critical power limitations of existing fiber-based coexistence systems.
State of the art classical and quantum communications rely on standard optical fibers with solid cores to transmit light over long distances. However, recent advances have led to the emergence of antiresonant hollow-core optical fibers (AR-HCFs), which, due to the novel fiber geometry, show remarkable optical guiding properties, which are not as limited by the material properties as solid-core fibers. In this paper, we explore the transmission of entangled photons through a novel 7.7 km AR-HCF in a laboratory environment at 1550 nm, presenting the first successful demonstration of entanglement distribution via a long AR-HCF. In addition to showing these novel fibers are compatible with long distance quantum communication, we highlight the low latency and low chromatic dispersion intrinsic to AR-HCF, which can increase the secure key rate in time-bin-based quantum key distribution protocols.