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International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT)

QUGAN: Hybrid Generative Adversarial Networks with Variational Quantum Circuits for Synthetic Medical Data Generation

Ouail EL Bani, Chaïmaâ Kissi, Mohamed Nabil Srifi

Published Dec 18, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The need for synthetic medical data is growing rapidly as machine learning becomes more important in healthcare, especially with strict privacy rules like HIPAA in the United States and GDPR in Europe. While Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown potential in generating realistic synthetic data, they often face problems such as mode collapse, unstable training, and difficulty handling complex, high-dimensional medical datasets.In this work, we introduce a new Quantum Generative Adversarial Network (QUGAN) that combines the strengths of quantum and classical computing. The generator is built using a Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC), while the discriminator remains a classical neural network. To our knowledge, this is the first time a QUGAN has been applied to structured tabular healthcare data and especially using a VQC circuit in the generator, which makes up most real electronic health records but is rarely explored in quantum machine learning. The model was developed step by step, starting from a simple GAN baseline, and gradually improved into a more powerful hybrid system.The QUGAN performed considerably better compared with the standard baseline when tested on actual cardiovascular dataset. While achieving synthetic precision scores of up to 92%, it decreased the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) by 50.6%, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence by 65.6%, and the Jensen–Shannon (JS) divergence by 67.7%. These results indicate that the model creates diverse samples close to real data, which are a key factor for safe data sharing and dependable analysis later. In short, our findings suggest that QUGANs that uses VQC circuits can be reliable method to produce tabular medical datasets.

DOI
10.1109/isaect68904.2025.11318738

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The need for synthetic medical data is growing rapidly as machine learning becomes more important in healthcare, especially with strict privacy rules like HIPAA in the United States and GDPR in Europe. While Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown potential in generating realistic synthetic data, they often face problems such as mode collapse, unstable training, and difficulty handling complex, high-dimensional medical datasets.In this work, we introduce a new Quantum Generative Adversarial Network (QUGAN) that combines the strengths of quantum and classical computing. The generator is built using a Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC), while the discriminator remains a classical neural network. To our knowledge, this is the first time a QUGAN has been applied to structured tabular healthcare data and especially using a VQC circuit in the generator, which makes up most real electronic health records but is rarely explored in quantum machine learning. The model was developed step by step, starting from a simple GAN baseline, and gradually improved into a more powerful hybrid system.The QUGAN performed considerably better compared with the standard baseline when tested on actual cardiovascular dataset. While achieving synthetic precision scores of up to 92%, it decreased the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) by 50.6%, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence by 65.6%, and the Jensen–Shannon (JS) divergence by 67.7%. These results indicate that the model creates diverse samples close to real data, which are a key factor for safe data sharing and dependable analysis later. In short, our findings suggest that QUGANs that uses VQC circuits can be reliable method to produce tabular medical datasets.
Synthetic biological data play a crucial role in bioinformatics research, particularly in scenarios involving limited data availability and strict privacy constraints. However, conventional generative adversarial networks often face challenges in simultaneously preserving local statistical characteristics and global data distributions, motivating the exploration of quantum-enhanced generative models. This paper proposes and evaluates a hybrid quantum–classical generative adversarial network (QGAN) for efficient and high-quality biological data generation. The generator is implemented using a variational quantum circuit that encodes classical biological features into parameterized quantum states, while the discriminator is realized through a classical neural network architecture. The proposed framework is evaluated against classical GAN models using quantitative metrics, including the Classifier Two-Sample Test (C2ST), Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and Wasserstein Distance (WD). Experimental results show that the QGAN achieves stronger local statistical distribution matching, reflected by lower MMD values, whereas the Classical GAN demonstrates more stable global distribution alignment through lower WD. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the stochastic sampling behavior of parameterized quantum circuits contributes to higher output variance during training, influencing large-scale distribution consistency. These findings indicate that hybrid quantum–classical generative models can effectively preserve localized statistical structures while highlighting the trade-off between local fidelity and global distribution stability, supporting their potential for future applications in genomics, drug discovery, and privacy-preserving biomedical data synthesis.
This paper investigates the application of Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) to data augmentation for machine learning. Traditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) rely on classical neural networks, while this research explores leveraging quantum circuits as generators within a QGAN architecture. The core idea is to train a quantum generator to produce synthetic data samples, supplementing existing datasets with novel instances. The discriminator remains a classical neural network, tasked with distinguishing between real and generated data. We present a theoretical framework for this approach, outlining the mathematical formulation and key components. Specifically, we introduce the notation (x, s_1, s_2, ..., s_K) to represent data samples, generator states, and relevant parameters. The objective function for the QGAN is defined as minimizing the Jensen-Shannon divergence between the real and generated data distributions. The effectiveness of this approach is discussed, highlighting potential advantages and challenges. This work contributes to the emerging field of quantum machine learning and offers a novel strategy for improving the performance of machine learning models, particularly in scenarios with limited training data.
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This paper explores the application of Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) for synthetic data augmentation, aiming to surpass the limitations of classical Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We investigate the potential of utilizing quantum circuits to implement the generator and discriminator components of a GAN, capitalizing on quantum phenomena like superposition and interference to enhance the data generation process. Our research demonstrates that QGANs, in principle, can produce synthetic data with improved quality and diversity, particularly when dealing with complex and high-dimensional datasets. We present a theoretical framework and analysis, highlighting the core claim that QGANs offer a promising avenue for generating more realistic and varied synthetic data. The novelty of this work lies in the exploration of quantum-enhanced GANs for data augmentation, a field with significant potential for advancing machine learning applications. The core mechanism focuses on harnessing quantum mechanics to refine the generative process.
In this article, we present a hybrid quantum-classical generative adversarial network (GAN) for near-term quantum processors. The hybrid GAN comprises a variational generator and a discriminator quantum neural network, which are trained using a classic computer. The generator network is realized using angle-encoding and variational quantum circuits. The discriminator network is realized using multi-stage trainable encoding quantum circuits. A modular design approach is proposed for quantum neural networks which allows control on their depth to compromise accuracy and circuit complexity. Moreover, this modular approach makes the quantum neural networks amenable to scaling up the dimension of dataset and the number of qubits. Gradients of the loss functions are derived using the same quantum circuits used for the implementation of quantum neural networks to prevent the need for extra quantum circuits or auxiliary qubits. The quantum simulations are performed using the IBM Qiskit open-source software development kit (SDK), while the training of the hybrid quantum-classical GAN is conducted using the mini-batch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization on a classic computer. The hybrid quantum-classical GAN is realized using a two-qubit system with different discriminator network structures. The best performance is achieved using a five-stage discriminator network comprising 63 quantum gates and 31 trainable parameters, with the Kullback-Leibler (KL) and Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence scores of 0.39 and 0.52, respectively, for the similarity between the real and generated data distributions.