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Physical Review A

Measurement of heralded single-photon geometric phases by robust interferometric methods

I. Machuca, D. Larios, Omar Ortiz

Published Jan 12, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/x9lc-j8jb

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We present a novel interferometric arrangement that makes it possible to measure with great versatility geometric phases produced in polarization states of classical light. Our arrangement is robust against thermal and mechanical disturbances and can be set up in a Mach-Zehnder, a Michelson or a Sagnac configuration. We present results concerning the geometric phase as an extension of previous measurements of the Pancharatnam, or total phase. The geometric phase is obtained by compensating the dynamical contribution to the total phase, so as to extract out of it a purely geometric phase. This can be achieved over trajectories on the Poincare sphere that are not necessarily restricted to be great circles (geodesics). We thus demonstrate the feasibility of our method for dynamical extraction of the geometric contribution to the total phase, a prerequisite for building geometric quantum gates. Although our results correspond to polarization states of classical light, the same methodology could be applied in the case of polarization states of single photons.
Quantitative characterization of the spatial structure of single photons is essential for free-space quantum communication and quantum imaging. We introduce an interferometric technique that enables the complete characterization of a two-dimensional probability amplitude of a single photon. Importantly, in contrast to methods that use a reference photon for the phase measurement, our technique relies on a single photon interfering with itself. Our setup comprises of a heralded single-photon source with an unknown spatial phase and a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a spatial filter in one of its arms. The spatial filter removes the unknown spatial phase and the filtered beam interferes with the unaltered beam passing through the other arm of the interferometer. We experimentally confirm the feasibility of our technique by reconstructing the spatial phase of heralded single photons using the lowest order interference fringes. This technique can be applied to the characterization of arbitrary pure spatial states of single photons.