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The geometric phase and dynamics of electric and magnetic dipoles

Reinaldo da Conceição

Published Jun 27, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this work, we study the geometric phase and the dynamics of electric and magnetic dipoles. We present your origins, some relevant works in this area as well as your results. The appearance of a geometric phase is explained when a study of quantum dynamics of the particle is made, during a complete cycle and that is subject to cyclic adiabatic processes. The present study begins with an introduction about the geometric phase, where we present examples used to illustrate it. Next, the adiabatic theorem was presented in both classical and quantum systems and a discourse on adiabatic invariants. After this, we present its final mathematical formulation and also its obtaining for a spin 1/2 particle. Soon after, we obtained the Lagrangian and its Hamiltonian, we find the quantum phase that the particle acquired in the efect Aharonov- Bohm and Aharonov - Casher. We have also seen the quantum dynamics of both electric and magnetic dipoles, where we start from the Lagrangian and study its field configurations, we reach the Ananda phase, where in the next step we obtain phases for some of the Field configurations in the Ananda phase from phase of Aharonov - Casher where we made the electric dipole moment equal to zero, as well as the He - Mckellar - Welkens phase with magnetic dipole moment equal to zero, and the Casella efect thus obtaining a particle case of the Ananda phase.

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In this work, we study the geometric phase and the dynamics of electric and magnetic dipoles. We present your origins, some relevant works in this area as well as your results. The appearance of a geometric phase is explained when a study of quantum dynamics of the particle is made, during a complete cycle and that is subject to cyclic adiabatic processes. The present study begins with an introduction about the geometric phase, where we present examples used to illustrate it. Next, the adiabatic theorem was presented in both classical and quantum systems and a discourse on adiabatic invariants. After this, we present its final mathematical formulation and also its obtaining for a spin 1/2 particle. Soon after, we obtained the Lagrangian and its Hamiltonian, we find the quantum phase that the particle acquired in the efect Aharonov- Bohm and Aharonov - Casher. We have also seen the quantum dynamics of both electric and magnetic dipoles, where we start from the Lagrangian and study its field configurations, we reach the Ananda phase, where in the next step we obtain phases for some of the Field configurations in the Ananda phase from phase of Aharonov - Casher where we made the electric dipole moment equal to zero, as well as the He - Mckellar - Welkens phase with magnetic dipole moment equal to zero, and the Casella efect thus obtaining a particle case of the Ananda phase.
We study the quantum dynamics of a neutral particle that posseses a permanent magnetic and electric dipole moments in the presence of an electromagnetic field. The analysis of this dynamics demonstrates the appearance of a quantum phase that combines the Aharonov-Casher effect and the He-Mckellar-Wilkens effect. We demonstrate that this phase is a special case of the geometric quantum phase. A series of field configurations where this phase would be found is presented. A generalized Casella-type effect is found in one of these configurations. A physical scenario for the quantum phase in an interferometric experiment is proposed.
The dynamics of a spin-(1/2) neutral particle possessing electric- and magnetic-dipole moments interacting with external electric and magnetic fields in noncommutative coordinates is obtained. Noncommutativity of space is interposed in terms of a semiclassical constrained Hamiltonian system. The relation between the quantum phase acquired by a particle interacting with an electromagnetic field and the (semi)classical force acting on the system is examined and generalized to establish a formulation of the quantum phases in noncommutative coordinates. The general formalism is applied to physical systems yielding the Aharonov-Bohm, Aharonov-Casher, He-McKellar-Wilkens and Anandan phases in noncommutative coordinates. Bounds for the noncommutativity parameter θ are derived comparing the deformed phases with the experimental data on the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher phases.
In this work, we make a review of the literature that the so-called Berry’s geometric phase. A recent issue, which has been employed in various areas of physics. For this, we use, in a number of references, in which many were critical to the theoretical foundation of this work. At first, we focus on the study of the time evolution of quantum systems governed by Hamiltonians operators whose time dependence is manifested by a set of parameters called classical fields. The adiabatic approximation, is justified mathematically when demonstrated the adiabatic theorem. Under these conditions, we obtain geometric phases - Berry’s phase - associated with these systems in different representations, each displaying its particularity. Finally, as a particular case of geometric phase, we studi from the viewpoint of duality transformations of Maxwell’s equations, the dual Aharonov-Bohm effect, extracting the geometric Berry’s phase associated with the dynamics of the magnetic monopole in the presence of the electric vector potential
It is shown that the vector potential of the Aharonov-Bohm effect is effectively the same as vector potentials of the quantum phases of electric and magnetic dipoles such as the Aharonov-Casher effect, when the Aharonov-Bohm solenoid is a straight cylinder with symmetric cross sections. With a circular cross section, the Aharonov-Bohm vector potential is effectively the same as the Aharonov-Casher vector potential, while with a rectangular cross section, it is effectively the same as the vector potential of the Casella phase. Therefore, we may say that the quantum phases of the dipoles belong to a subclass of the Aharonov-Bohm phase, and they must share the topological origin of the Aharonov-Bohm phase, even though their topological freedom is limited to the particle trajectories. However, the dipole phases have the extra relativistic effect that a magnetic (electric) dipole moving in an electric (magnetic) field feels an additional magnetic (electric) field, in its rest frame. This effect limits further the topological freedom of the dipole phases.
Quantum phenomena related to geometric and topological phases are investigated. The first results presented are theoretical extensions of these phases and related effects. Also experimental proposals to measure some of the described effects are outlined. Thereafter, applications of geometric and topological phases in quantum computation are discussed. The notion of geometric phases is extended to cover mixed states undergoing unitary evolutions in interferometry. A comparison with a previously proposed definition of a mixed state geometric phase is made. In addition, an experimental test distinguishing these two phase concepts is proposed. Furthermore, an interferometry based geometric phase is introduced for systems undergoing evolutions described by completely positive maps. The dynamics of an Aharonov-Bohm system is investigated within the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that the time-reversal symmetry for a semi-fluxon, a particle with an associated magnetic flux which carries half a flux unit, is unexpectedly broken due to the Aharonov-Casher modification in the adiabatic approximation. The Aharonov-Casher Hamiltonian is used to determine the energy quantisation of neutral magnetic dipoles in electric fields. It is shown that for specific electric field configurations, one may acquire energy quantisation similar to the Landau effect for a charged particle in a homogeneous magnetic field. We furthermore show how the geometric phase can be used to implement fault tolerant quantum computations. Such computations are robust to area preserving perturbations from the environment. Topological fault-tolerant quantum computations based on the Aharonov-Casher set up are also investigated.
We analyse the physical meaning of quantum phase effects for point-like charges and electric (magnetic) dipoles in an electromagnetic (EM) field. At present, there are known eight effects of such a kind: four of them (the magnetic and electric Aharonov – Bohm phases for electrons, the Aharonov – Casher phase for a moving magnetic dipole and the He – McKellar – Wilkens phase for a moving electric dipole) had been disclosed in 20th century, while four new quantum phases had recently been found by our team (A. L. Kholmetskii, O. V. Missevitch, T. Yarman). In our analysis of physical meaning of these phases, we adopt that a quantum phase for a dipole represents a superposition of quantum phases for each charge, composing the dipole. In this way, we demonstrate the failure of the Schrödinger equation for a charged particle in an EM field to describe new quantum phase effects, when the standard definition of the momentum operator is used. We further show that a consistent description of quantum phase effects for moving particles is achieved under appropriate re-definition of this operator, where the canonical momentum of particle in EM field is replaced by the interactional EM field momentum. Some implications of this result are discussed.