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A Review of Semi-Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocols

Kiran Meena, Narayan Lal Gupta, Vivek Mandot

Published Jan 30, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This review paper includes five distinct protocols in the field of semi-quantum secure direct communication based on different qubit carriers -single photons, EPR pairs, Cluster states, Mediated third party, and two degrees of freedom-polarisation and spatial mode. These protocols have been an- alyzed for their security against several methods of attack like- trojan horse attacks, intercept-resend Attacks, double C-not attacks, and modification attacks. Their efficiency is also estimated and described here. Future work direction in the field of SQSDC is summarised.

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This review paper includes five distinct protocols in the field of semi-quantum secure direct communication based on different qubit carriers -single photons, EPR pairs, Cluster states, Mediated third party, and two degrees of freedom-polarisation and spatial mode. These protocols have been an- alyzed for their security against several methods of attack like- trojan horse attacks, intercept-resend Attacks, double C-not attacks, and modification attacks. Their efficiency is also estimated and described here. Future work direction in the field of SQSDC is summarised.
Abstract Based on semi-quantum cryptography and utilizing W-state, this paper introduces two semi-quantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) protocols. SQSDC1 establishes a secret two-way communication channel between a quantum participant and two classical participants. SQSDC2 achieves efficient one-way communication from a quantum user to classical users. Security analysis demonstrates the asymptotic security of the protocols, effectively resisting intercept-measure-resend attacks and entangle-measure attacks from potential eavesdroppers. The efficiency analysis indicates high communication efficiency, with SQSDC1 achieving communication efficiencies of 20%, while SQSDC2 achieves a communication efficiency of 33.33%.
As Internet of Things (IoT) technology continues to advance, there is a growing awareness of IoT security within the industry. Quantum communication technology can potentially significantly improve the communication security of IoT devices. Based on semi-quantum cryptography and utilizing single photons, this paper introduces two semi-quantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) protocols for use in smart door locks. Protocol 1 is more efficient, and the efficiency analysis shows that the communication efficiency is as high as 28.57%. Security analysis demonstrates the asymptotic security of the protocols, effectively resisting intercept-measure-resend attacks and entangle-measure attacks from potential eavesdroppers. The extended SQSDC protocol (protocol 2) builds upon protocol 1 by enabling a single qubit to transmit two bits of information, resulting in a double efficiency outcome.
Semi-quantum protocol is a hot topic in quantum cryptography. One of the original motivational reasons to study semi-quantum protocol is to better understand “how quantum” a protocol needs to be in order to gain an advantage over its classical counterpart. Semi-quantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) is an important branch of the semi-quantum protocol, which makes it possible to directly transfer large amounts of data between quantum participant and classical participant without need to share the secret key in advance. In this paper, we propose two new SQSDC protocols based on single photons to study how to reduce the quantum resource requirements of both quantum participant and classical participant. In both protocols, the classical participant requires neither quantum memory or quantum delay lines. We first propose in the first protocol that the quantum participant only need to prepare single-state qubits in the preparation phase, which is different from previous SQSDC protocols. Then we propose in the second protocol that quantum participant can accomplish the same work as the first one even without quantum memory. Efficiency analysis shows that the first protocol is more efficient than some protocol, and the second one can save more quantum resources at the expense of some efficiency. Compared with the existing SQSDC protocols based on single photons, both protocols can use fewer quantum states or quantum resource requirements than other protocols. Finally, we analyze the security of both protocols.
In this paper, we propose the first semiquantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) protocol which is based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. This protocol doesn't require both communicants to possess quantum capabilities, and is feasible for the direct communication circumstance where one communicant is quantum and the other is classical. We validate the complete robustness of the transmissions of single photons between two communicants in Steps 1 and 2 of this protocol in detail. It turns out that during these transmissions, if Eve wants not to be detected by two communicants, she will obtain nothing useful. The security of the whole protocol is guaranteed by the complete robustness of the transmissions of single photons between two communicants in Steps 1 and 2 of this protocol and the subsequent classical one-time pad encryption process. In this protocol, one single photon with two degrees of freedom can carry two private bits from the message owner, so compared with the existing SQSDC protocols based on single photons in one degree of freedom, its quantum communication capacity is doubled.
In this paper, we propose a new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined local collective unitary operations, the sender’s secret messages can be transmitted directly to the receiver through encoding secret messages on the particles. Only with the help of the third side, the receiver can reconstruct the secret messages. Each single photon in two degrees of freedom can carry two bits of information, so the cost of our protocol is less than others using entangled qubits. Moreover, the security of our QSDC network protocol is discussed comprehensively. It is shown that our new CQSDC protocol cannot only defend the outsider eavesdroppers’ several sorts of attacks but also the inside attacks. Besides, our protocol is feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single photon quantum states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.