The collective scattering of light by a large number of coupled scatterers yields a rich many-body physics, yet treating such a problem in the quantum regime is a challenge. In this thesis, we consider a large atomic cloud in free space and driven by a monochromatic light, where the vacuum modes induce long-range dipole-dipole interactions. In order to study clouds of hundreds of particles, higher order correlation terms are neglected, keeping only quantum correlations between pair of atoms: this allows to reduce the number of degrees of freedom from 22N in the full quantum model to N2. Most of the works in the literature on dipole-dipole interactions have been performed in the linear optics limit, and our techniques allow to compare classical to beyond-semi-classical results. In particular, superradiance and subradiance have been reported in the decay dynamics of the cloud. Differently, by considering a system in the ground state and switching on the pump, we show that superradiance is also present in the Rabi oscillations at a rate obtained from using a single-dipole model for the radiated intensity. A frequency shift in the Rabi oscillations is also reported, which can be interpreted, in a linear dispersion theory, as a signature of a collective multimode vacuum Rabi splitting. While the classical dipoles model captures correctly the dynamics in the low-intensity regime, it fails for higher saturation, where semi-classical methods can be applied successfully. In particular, we observe a quantum subradiant decay in the intensity of the radiated field in the saturated regime. Furthermore, considering the decay dynamics starting from an initially strongly driven cloud, we observed that the states with n < N/2 excited atoms decays much slower than the ones with n > N/2: in other words, the upper part of the Dicke ladder is characterized by a superradiant emission, and the lower part by a subradiant one. Finally, investigating the fluorescence spectrum, we obtained quantum cooperative effects that modify the steady-state spectrum: additional sidebands at twice the Rabi frequency for the system driven at resonance and, out of resonance, an asymmetry in the peaks at the generalized Rabi frequency, and for all detection angles. We also present preliminary results of a sensor model that can capture the time evolution of the spectrum in the decay dynamics, a situation that the quantum regression theorem fails to describe. Several of these results were discussed in parallel with experimental data obtained by an experimental group of collaborators, and others aim to guide future experiments.
The collective scattering of light by a large number of coupled scatterers yields a rich many-body physics, yet treating such a problem in the quantum regime is a challenge. In this thesis, we consider a large atomic cloud in free space and driven by a monochromatic light, where the vacuum modes induce long-range dipole-dipole interactions. In order to study clouds of hundreds of particles, higher order correlation terms are neglected, keeping only quantum correlations between pair of atoms: this allows to reduce the number of degrees of freedom from 22N in the full quantum model to N2. Most of the works in the literature on dipole-dipole interactions have been performed in the linear optics limit, and our techniques allow to compare classical to beyond-semi-classical results. In particular, superradiance and subradiance have been reported in the decay dynamics of the cloud. Differently, by considering a system in the ground state and switching on the pump, we show that superradiance is also present in the Rabi oscillations at a rate obtained from using a single-dipole model for the radiated intensity. A frequency shift in the Rabi oscillations is also reported, which can be interpreted, in a linear dispersion theory, as a signature of a collective multimode vacuum Rabi splitting. While the classical dipoles model captures correctly the dynamics in the low-intensity regime, it fails for higher saturation, where semi-classical methods can be applied successfully. In particular, we observe a quantum subradiant decay in the intensity of the radiated field in the saturated regime. Furthermore, considering the decay dynamics starting from an initially strongly driven cloud, we observed that the states with n < N/2 excited atoms decays much slower than the ones with n > N/2: in other words, the upper part of the Dicke ladder is characterized by a superradiant emission, and the lower part by a subradiant one. Finally, investigating the fluorescence spectrum, we obtained quantum cooperative effects that modify the steady-state spectrum: additional sidebands at twice the Rabi frequency for the system driven at resonance and, out of resonance, an asymmetry in the peaks at the generalized Rabi frequency, and for all detection angles. We also present preliminary results of a sensor model that can capture the time evolution of the spectrum in the decay dynamics, a situation that the quantum regression theorem fails to describe. Several of these results were discussed in parallel with experimental data obtained by an experimental group of collaborators, and others aim to guide future experiments.
The collective scattering of light by a large number of coupled scatterers yields a rich many-body physics, yet treating such a problem in the quantum regime is a challenge.In this thesis, we consider a large atomic cloud in free space and driven by a monochromatic light, where the vacuum modes induce long-range dipole-dipole interactions.In order to study clouds of hundreds of particles, higher order correlation terms are neglected, keeping only quantum correlations between pair of atoms: this allows to reduce the number of degrees of freedom from 2 2N in the full quantum model to N 2 .Most of the works in the literature on dipole-dipole interactions have been performed in the linear optics limit, and our techniques allow to compare classical to beyond-semi-classical results.In particular, superradiance and subradiance have been reported in the decay dynamics of the cloud.Differently, by considering a system in the ground state and switching on the pump, we show that superradiance is also present in the Rabi oscillations at a rate obtained from using a single-dipole model for the radiated intensity.A frequency shift in the Rabi oscillations is also reported, which can be interpreted, in a linear dispersion theory, as a signature of a collective multimode vacuum Rabi splitting.While the classical dipoles model captures correctly the dynamics in the low-intensity regime, it fails for higher saturation, where semi-classical methods can be applied successfully.In particular, we observe a quantum subradiant decay in the intensity of the radiated field in the saturated regime.Furthermore, considering the decay dynamics starting from an initially strongly driven cloud, we observed that the states with n < N/2 excited atoms decays much slower than the ones with n > N/2: in other words, the upper part of the Dicke ladder is characterized by a superradiant emission, and the lower part by a subradiant one.Finally, investigating the fluorescence spectrum, we obtained quantum cooperative effects that modify the steady-state spectrum: additional sidebands at twice the Rabi frequency for the system driven at resonance and, out of resonance, an asymmetry in the peaks at the generalized Rabi frequency, and for all detection angles.We also present preliminary results of a sensor model that can capture the time evolution of the spectrum in the decay dynamics, a situation that the quantum regression theorem fails to describe.Several of these results were discussed in parallel with experimental data obtained by an experimental group of collaborators, and others aim to guide future experiments.
The problem of the interaction of N atoms with a laser beam and vacuum modes can give rise to many interesting phenomena concerning the spontaneous emission of light and its propagation in the medium. The cooperative effects, for example, such as superadiance and subradiance, are effects related to the coherence created between the atoms when a photon is emitted spontaneously by a single excited atom. Superradiance can be defined as the enhancement of the spontaneous emission due to constructive interference of the scattered light. Its counterpart, subradiance, is the trapping of some remaining light due to destructive interference. In cold atoms, some previous theoretical works predict and characterize these two cooperative effects in a large and diluted atomic cloud, in the regime of low intensities and large detunings of the incident laser. The theoretical model is a coupled-dipole model for two-level atoms driven by a low-intensity field and in the scalar approach. The experiment consists in measuring the super- and subradiant decay rates from the temporal emitted intensity after the switch off of the incident laser in the steady state. Our experimental setup consists in a magneto-optical trap of rubidium 87 atoms at large resonant optical thicknesses. A probe beam excites the atoms close to the D2 line. The intensity emitted is detected by a single photon detector with no afterpulsing and a calibration procedure allows us to determine the resonant optical thickness of the cloud and its temperature. In this work, we report the experimental observation of super- and subradiance in a large cloud of cold atoms. For subradiance, the main result is the linear evolution of the characteristic time with the resonant optical thickness of the cloud and its independence of the detuning. For superradiance, we observe superradiance out of the forward direction. We verify the validity of our interpretations with the predictions of the coupled-dipole model. Finally, we discuss the interplay of subradiance and radiation trapping, as well as theoretical predictions for: a setup of a phased cloud, to control the subradiant amplitude emission; and temperature effects, where subradiance is shown to be robust in a large range of temperatures.
Cooperative scattering in cold atoms has gained renewed interest, in particular in the context of single-photon superradiance, with the recent experimental observation of super- and subradiance in dilute atomic clouds. Numerical simulations to support experimental signatures of cooperative scattering are often limited by the number of dipoles which can be treated, well below the number of atoms in the experiments. In this paper, we provide systematic numerical studies aimed at matching the regime of dilute atomic clouds. We use a scalar coupled-dipole model in the low excitation limit and an exclusion volume to avoid density-related effects. Scaling laws for super- and subradiance are obtained and the limits of numerical studies are pointed out. We also illustrate the cooperative nature of light scattering by considering an incident laser field, where half of the beam has a π phase shift. The enhanced subradiance obtained under such condition provides an additional signature of the role of coherence in the detected signal.
The interaction of light with an atomic sample containing a large number of particles gives rise to many collective (or cooperative) effects, such as multiple scattering, superradiance, and subradiance, even if the atomic density is low and the incident optical intensity weak (linear optics regime). Tracing over the degrees of freedom of the light field, the system can be well described by an effective atomic Hamiltonian, which contains the light-mediated dipole-dipole interaction between atoms. This long-range interaction is at the origin of the various collective effects, or of collective excitation modes of the system. Even though an analysis of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of these collective modes does allow distinguishing superradiant modes, for instance, from other collective modes, this is not sufficient to understand the dynamics of a driven system, as not all collective modes are significantly populated. Here, we study how the excitation parameters, i.e., the driving field, determines the population of the collective modes. We investigate in particular the role of the laser detuning from the atomic transition, and demonstrate a simple relation between the detuning and the steady-state population of the modes. This relation allows understanding several properties of cooperative scattering, such as why superradiance and subradiance become independent of the detuning at large enough detuning without vanishing, and why superradiance, but not subradiance, is suppressed near resonance. We also show that the spatial properties of the collective modes allow distinguishing diffusive modes, responsible for radiation trapping, from subradiant modes.
The main objective of this research is to study a particular case of light-matter interaction: the scattering of light in dense atomic samples. The regime of high atomic densities is represented by samples where the distance between neighboring atoms is on the order of the wavelength associated with the atomic transition. In this regime, short-range atomic interactions cannot be neglected, and in these systems, we expect to observe significant modifications in collective effects such as subradiance or superradiance. Overall, the propagation of light through this type of system is not well-known to the scientific community, and the existing models work to describe very specific situations. To pave the way for achieving our overall goal, this work proposes an experimental setup to obtain a dense cloud of 88Sr, which is the chemical species we work with in our laboratory. For this purpose, atoms previously trapped using a Magneto-Optical Trap are transferred to a Crossed Optical Dipole Trap. During the optimization and characterization of the optical trap, problems were encountered in producing an image with quantitative information of the atomic ensemble and in transferring a large number of atoms in a very small trapping volume. These problems were resolved with the implementation of a Phase Contrast Imaging system and the implementation of an Optical Molasses as an additional cooling step. Under these conditions, we obtained a cloud that can be suitable for conducting studies on collective effects, transitioning from the dilute to the dense regime. The initial experiments, once our atomic ensemble was prepared, involve measuring the coherent transmission of a low-intensity beam through the cloud. For this purpose, incident light near the resonance of a dipolar transition of the type J = 0 ↔ J = 1 of 88Sr is used, interacting with a homogeneous region of the sample. Simulations of this type of process can be performed using the Coupled Dipole Model, which describes the overall response of light scattering by the sample considering dipole-dipole interactions mediated by light. With this work, we aim to advance the understanding of density effects by comparing the coherent optical response of the dense cloud with the theory based on the Coupled Dipole Model.
In this work we present a numerical and experimental investigation of the collective early-time decay rates of a strongly driven and optically dense cold atomic cloud. We prepare the atomic ensemble by driving the system to its steady state with varying Rabi frequencies Ω that go from the weak Ω≪Γ to the strong driving regime Ω≫Γ, where Γ is the single-atom decay rate. We investigate the early-time dynamics in the transition between the strong and weak driving regimes using: i) angular-dependent observables such as the light emitted by the cloud, and ii) global observables, i.e., the excited state population. When driving the cloud on-resonance, we find that as a function of the driving frequency, the behavior of the collected light at certain angles transitions from the single-photon subradiant regime to a superradiant regime while the behavior of the excited state population does not show superradiance. The experiment shows good agreement with numerical predictions in the regime of parameters under study.