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Optical Fiber Technology

High security quantum noise-like stream cipher scheme with key accompanying transmission

Shuaidong Chen, Bo Liu, Jianxin Ren, Dongxu Zhu, Yaya Mao, Lei Zhu, Mengtong Yin, Guoqing Chen, Jianye Zhao, Haitao Zhao, Xiumin Song, Guang Han, Houyuan Zhang, Yongcan Han

Published Jan 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556

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In this talk, we present a design of keyed randomization, and an experiment for quantum stream cipher by Yuen protocol which can realize a randomized stream cipher with Gbps for long distance. A simple explanation of why Y-00 is more secure than any type of the conventional stream cipher is given, showing Y-00 with keyed randomization, for example, overlapping selection keying:OSK. That is, the noiseless Y-00 with OSK is equivalent of the conventional stream cipher, but the noise is inevitable. So one can easily see that the security is enhanced by the noise. In addition, we give a design for the implementation of the intensity modulation scheme and report the experimental demonstration of 1 Gbps quantum stream cipher with OSK randomization through 20~40 km long transmission line. This may provide a way to go toward the broad market applications which require security, high speed, compact size, maintenance free, and low price.
An ultra-high-order QAM quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) scheme assisted by intensity and phase chaotic encryption is proposed. In this scheme, the legal transmitter (Alice) first encrypts the original low-order QAM signal into an ultra-high-order QAM signal according to the pre-shared seed key based on the Y-00 protocol, and then conceals the intensity and phase information of the ultra-high-order QAM signal through the intensity and phase chaos generated from a nonlinear delay chaotic source for enhancing the security. The intensity and phase chaotic carrier can be eliminated by the open-loop chaotic synchronization module at the legal receiver (Bob). The scheme was numerically verified in 112 Gbit/s (28 GBaud 16QAM plaintext) and 168 Gbit/s (28 GBaud 64QAM plaintext) 65536QAM/QNSC systems, which can achieve 600 km and 150 km transmission at 7% HD-FEC threshold, and 1000 km and 350 km transmission at 20% SD-FEC threshold, respectively. Meanwhile, the number of masked signals (NMS) and the detection failure probability (DFP) in the scheme are obviously higher than in the original QAM/QNSC system. We believe that the proposed scheme is a promising strategy for enhancing the security of QAM/QNSC transmission systems.
We propose and experimentally study a novel, to the best of our knowledge, quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) secure transmission scheme based on the delta-sigma modulation (DSM) technique. The cooperation of the QNSC and DSM mechanisms makes it possible to transmit an ultrahigh-order encrypted signal in the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) format. The delivery of the NRZ OOK waveform over the fiber link allows us to send and receive signals using digital ports, instead of high-speed and high-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in conventional QNSC systems. Meanwhile, clock synchronization can be achieved by using a simple clock data recovery algorithm. The extra clock signal transmission link in conventional QNSC systems is no longer needed. The proposed scheme is also compatible with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. In this work, 4 × 12.9 Gbit/s plaintext is encrypted to a 65,536-level QNSC signal and then transmitted over a 10-km standard single-mode fiber. The transmitter and receiver are established by commercial 100G QSFP28 optical modules with clock data recovery. This proposed scheme can be easily deployed in commercial systems due to its minimalist implementation architecture and relatively low hardware cost.