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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Electrical Engineering

Quantum-Resilient IoT Communication Framework Using Post-Quantum Cryptography and Blockchain for Secure Edge Devices

N. Sivanesan, K. S. Archana, A. Rajesh, N. Parthiban, Vijay S, S. N. Sheela

Published Jan 3, 2026• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s40998-025-01002-1

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With billions of resource-constrained devices exchanging sensitive data over heterogeneous networks, the fast-growing expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has heightened the concerns of security. In this regard, classical blockchain, despite its promise, has two main disadvantages: it cannot scale properly under massive IoT traffic and it can be vulnerable to quantum adversaries. This work attempts to fill these gaps through an analytical and empirical review of thirty recent models using blockchain, post-quantum cryptography, and quantum-native approaches. Conducted under the PRISMA guidelines, this review systematically examines how its models perform with respect to common security metrics: delay, complexity, throughput, security efficiency, and packet delivery ratio. The findings of the study suggest that regular adaptive blockchains with dynamic block size optimization and lightweight hashing consistently achieve high throughput (>900 Tx/sec) and packet delivery ratios (>95%) in IoT environments making them the most feasible solution in near term. In contrast, post-quantum models, using hybrid encryption and an optimized SIKE provide significantly enhanced resilience (security efficiency in the range of 92% to 96%) while introducing computational overhead unsuited for low-power devices. The frameworks of quantum blockchain, utilizing QKD-based authentication and heap-driven key distribution, provide unsurpassed security efficiency (>95%) but stay largely constrained experimentally at this stage. The synthesis from the empirical study suggests a multi-layered approach, consisting of immediate implementations of lightweight adaptive models, mid-term enhancements through post-quantum cryptography optimization, and a long-term aim of deployment of full quantum blockchain architecture. Such insights would prove pivotal in IoT sectors with real-time requirements like health, smart grids, and industrial automation, where balancing scalability, efficiency, and quantum resilience is of utmost importance. Hence, the work provides an avenue for foundational mapping of advancement in quantum-secure IoT ecosystems.
The rise of quantum computing presents substantial challenges to the security of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading systems. This paper introduces an innovative mutual authenticated session key agreement protocol aimed at protecting edge-IoT P2P energy trading communications in the quantum era. Each peer is an IoT-enabled smart metering device that is registered by an edge registration authority and acts as both producer and consumer. The proposed protocol incorporates CRYSTALS-Kyber's quantum-resistant cryptographic suite to guarantee the authenticity and confidentiality of negotiated session keys in the presence of quantum threats. Furthermore, it leverages the Hedera Hashgraph public blockchain, which is recognized for its quantum-resilient design, to ensure transparency and support efficient revocation mechanisms. Extensive comparative analyses have been conducted to demonstrate the protocol's superiority over existing alternatives, including both traditional schemes based on classical cryptography and emerging early-stage post-quantum approaches, in terms of performance and security features. By combining robust security and high efficiency, the proposed protocol fosters the development of resilient decentralized energy markets, paving the way for secure and sustainable energy distribution in the future.