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IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Middle East (ISGT Middle East)

Lwe-Based Single Noisy Linear Equations for Public Key Over Integer Encryption

Mostefa Kara, Ahcène Bounceur, Abdelkader Laouid, Khaled Chait, Yassine Himeur, Konstantinos Κarampidis

Published Nov 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work, we introduce a novel post-quantum public key encryption scheme over integers, leveraging a hybrid approach that combines large random numbers with the Learning With Errors (LWE) system. The scheme addresses the security challenges posed by quantum computing advancements, aiming to provide a robust solution resistant to quantum-based attacks. By using the unknown random number hardness assumption with enhancements to the traditional LWE framework and operating directly on integers, this approach ensures a high level of cryptographic security while maintaining computational efficiency. Extensive theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrate that the proposed encryption system achieves state-of-the-art performance: encryption execution time as low as$2.45 \times 10^{-5}$seconds, decryption time of$4.47 \times 10^{-5}$seconds, and an integrity check time of$5.30 \times 10^{-5}$seconds. Moreover, the ciphertext size is reduced to only 1330 bits while maintaining a 256 -bit security level, representing a significant reduction in storage requirements compared to conventional lattice-based approaches. These results confirm that our scheme not only provides strong quantum-resistant security guarantees but also delivers excellent efficiency and scalability, making it a viable candidate for secure communications in bandwidth-limited and resource-constrained environments in the quantum era.

DOI
10.1109/isgtmiddleeast65737.2025.11314358

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In this work, we introduce a novel post-quantum public key encryption scheme over integers, leveraging a hybrid approach that combines large random numbers with the Learning With Errors (LWE) system. The scheme addresses the security challenges posed by quantum computing advancements, aiming to provide a robust solution resistant to quantum-based attacks. By using the unknown random number hardness assumption with enhancements to the traditional LWE framework and operating directly on integers, this approach ensures a high level of cryptographic security while maintaining computational efficiency. Extensive theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrate that the proposed encryption system achieves state-of-the-art performance: encryption execution time as low as2.45×10−52.45 \times 10^{-5}2.45×10−5seconds, decryption time of4.47×10−54.47 \times 10^{-5}4.47×10−5seconds, and an integrity check time of5.30×10−55.30 \times 10^{-5}5.30×10−5seconds. Moreover, the ciphertext size is reduced to only 1330 bits while maintaining a 256 -bit security level, representing a significant reduction in storage requirements compared to conventional lattice-based approaches. These results confirm that our scheme not only provides strong quantum-resistant security guarantees but also delivers excellent efficiency and scalability, making it a viable candidate for secure communications in bandwidth-limited and resource-constrained environments in the quantum era.
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Quantum-secure cryptography is a dynamic field due to its crucial role in various domains. This field aligns with the ongoing efforts in data security. Post-quantum encryption (PQE) aims to counter the threats posed by future quantum computers, highlighting the need for further improvement. Based on the learning with error (LWE) system, this paper introduces a novel asymmetric encryption technique that encrypts entire messages of n bits rather than just 1 bit. This technique offers several advantages including an additive homomorphic cryptosystem. The robustness of the proposed lightweight public key encryption method, which is based on a new version of LWE, ensures that private keys remain secure and that original data cannot be recovered by an attacker from the ciphertext. By improving encryption and decryption execution time—which achieve speeds of 0.0427 ms and 0.0320 ms, respectively—and decreasing ciphertext size to 708 bits for 128-bit security, the obtained results are very promising.
Due to the threat of future quantum computers, it is necessary to develop cryptographic schemes that are resistant to quantum attacks. Lattice based cryptographic schemes have resistance to quantum attacks and security under worst-case assumptions that are difficult to solve. To solve the problems of large size of public and private keys, low encryption efficiency, and large noise growth in identity based encryption schemes, an adaptive secure identity based all homomorphic encryption scheme based on Learning with Errors (LWE) is constructed. This scheme uses {0,1} matrices to store plaintext, significantly improving encryption efficiency compared to single bit encryption schemes. It uses key conversion technology to achieve homomorphic operations and modulus conversion technology to reduce noise. It also converts IDs into bit sequences to construct an encryption scheme for adaptive security. Compared to selective security that only provides security guarantees for specific types of attacks, adaptive security is suitable for general scenarios, providing higher security guarantees and being able to cope with more challenging attack situations. It has been proven through the LWE problem that the security of our proposed scheme satisfies IND-ID-CPA. Finally, the experimental results indicate that this scheme introduces less noise, and has higher encryption efficiency and performance.
Our main result is a quantum public-key encryption scheme based on the Extrapolated Dihedral Coset problem (EDCP) which is equivalent, under quantum polynomial-time reductions, to the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem. For limited number of public keys (roughly linear in the security parameter), the proposed scheme is information-theoretically secure. For polynomial number of public keys, breaking the scheme is as hard as solving the LWE problem. The public keys in our scheme are quantum states of size O~(n)\tilde{O}(n)O~(n) qubits. The key generation and decryption algorithms require O~(n)\tilde{O}(n)O~(n) qubit operations while the encryption algorithm takes O(1)O(1)O(1) qubit operations.
Searchable encryption enables efficient retrieval of encrypted data stored in cloud environments while preserving data confidentiality. Within this context, Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search (PEKS) allows data users to perform keyword-based searches using their public-private key pairs. However, traditional PEKS schemes remain vulnerable to Inside Keyword Guessing Attacks (IKGA), which led to the introduction of the Public-Key Authenticated Encryption with Keyword Search (PAEKS) paradigm to enhance resilience against insider threats. Despite this advancement, most existing PAEKS schemes rely on number-theoretic assumptions, such as the discrete logarithm problem, thereby becoming insecure in the presence of against quantum adversaries. Consequently, recent research has focused on developing quantum-resistant, lattice-based PAEKS schemes. Although schemes based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem provide strong post-quantum security, they often incur high computational and communication costs, limiting their practicality in large-scale cloud environments. To overcome these limitations, this work presents an efficient and verifiable PAEKS scheme based on the Middle-Product LWE (MP-LWE) problem, which preserves the underlying security guarantees while significantly improving performance. Formal security analysis demonstrates resistance against Chosen Keyword Attack (CKA) and IKGA in the random oracle (RO) model. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme achieves substantially lower computational and communication overheads compared to existing schemes, while maintaining robust post-quantum security.