In modern agriculture, high crop yields and food security depend on early and accurate identification of plant diseases. Deep learning (DL) models like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have successfully classified plant disease using leaf images. Classical models are adequate for small-scale applications but inefficient for large-scale applications because of their high processing requirements and difficulty in handling highdimensional data. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes the Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) by leveraging the Cirq library to introduce quantum circuit simulation. The QCNN model is trained on the Kaggle coffee plant dataset and JMuBEN Mendeley. Quantum Fourier transforms (QFT) are used to preprocess the input images for enhanced quality and to find regions of interest (ROI) for disease lesions. The empirical results prove that the QCNN has drastically improved the model's performance in each phase of the epoch when compared with the traditional CNN model. In the training phase, the QCNN accomplished 96.98 %, whereas the CNN achieved 88.95 % for 150 epochs. Similarly, an effective performance is accomplished during the testing phase by QCNN with 95.89% in comparison with the CNN performance of 85.77 %. Hence, this work emphasizes the power of QCNN in faster training and analytical capabilities using entanglement and superposition in the quantum domain.
In modern agriculture, high crop yields and food security depend on early and accurate identification of plant diseases. Deep learning (DL) models like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have successfully classified plant disease using leaf images. Classical models are adequate for small-scale applications but inefficient for large-scale applications because of their high processing requirements and difficulty in handling highdimensional data. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes the Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) by leveraging the Cirq library to introduce quantum circuit simulation. The QCNN model is trained on the Kaggle coffee plant dataset and JMuBEN Mendeley. Quantum Fourier transforms (QFT) are used to preprocess the input images for enhanced quality and to find regions of interest (ROI) for disease lesions. The empirical results prove that the QCNN has drastically improved the model's performance in each phase of the epoch when compared with the traditional CNN model. In the training phase, the QCNN accomplished 96.98 %, whereas the CNN achieved 88.95 % for 150 epochs. Similarly, an effective performance is accomplished during the testing phase by QCNN with 95.89% in comparison with the CNN performance of 85.77 %. Hence, this work emphasizes the power of QCNN in faster training and analytical capabilities using entanglement and superposition in the quantum domain.
Accurate image classification is vital in smart agriculture, where early detection of plant diseases can boost crop yield and sustainability. While traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) perform well, they face computational and scalability issues as dataset sizes grow. To address this, we propose a quantum-enhanced deep learning framework that combines the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) for image preprocessing with a Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) for classification. QFT transforms images into the frequency domain, highlighting disease-related features and reducing background noise, while QCNN leverages quantum principles like superposition and entanglement for faster and more efficient feature learning. We evaluated four architectures—classical CNN, QCNN, CNN+QFT, and the hybrid QCNN+QFT—on coffee leaf datasets containing 2,000, 5,000, and 12,000 images. Across all dataset sizes, QCNN+QFT consistently achieved the highest accuracy and lowest training times. On the largest dataset, it reached 98.87% accuracy in 25.46 seconds per epoch, compared to the CNN’s 85.13% in 638.39 seconds. For 5,000 images, it achieved 94.78% in 11.30 seconds, outperforming CNN’s 83.42% in 215.57 seconds. Even on 2,000 images, it scored 90.06% in 2.12 seconds versus CNN’s 79.23% in 67.48 seconds. While QCNN and CNN+QFT also improved over the classical CNN, neither matched the hybrid’s superior balance of speed and accuracy, demonstrating its potential for scalable, real-time plant disease detection.
Corn leaf diseases are one of the biggest challenges undermining crop productivity and ensuring global food security, so early and accurate identification is crucial for proper management of the crop. Although Dense CNN and GoogleNet achieved high accuracies of 98.06% and 98.7%, respectively, the models fail to capture more complex relationships and patterns related to various leaf diseases because they use classical deep learning architectures. But with large datasets, the potential comes only in optimizing feature extraction and classification processes. With this, a need arises to introduce Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNN), where the principle of quantum computing can be utilized to enhance the representation of features for better detection accuracy. The demonstration of our experiments showed that the QCNN achieves a detection accuracy of 99%, superior to both Dense CNN and GoogleNet. Agriculture.
Detecting plant diseases is a crucial component of precision agriculture, necessary for maintaining economic viability, sustainable farming practices, food security, and preventing economic losses. Deep learning models such as Capsule Attention Networks, DenseNets, and Convolutional Neural Networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in leaf-image-based disease classification. However, large-scale practical implementation in resource-constrained environments remains challenging due to overfitting, environmental insensitivity, extended training times, and high computational cost, along with the absence of a sustainable framework for real-world deployment. Emerging quantum neural networks (QNNs), integrated with quantum-influenced optimization algorithms, offer promising avenues to enhance practical applicability. Their capabilities for high-dimensional feature mapping, entanglement, and superposition improve generalization and convergence in hybrid models that combine quantum layers with classical architectures. Incorporating quantum modules into DenseNets, attention mechanisms, capsule networks, and other hybrid systems may further enhance accuracy, enable robust disease segmentation, and reduce training time. Nonetheless, challenges remain regarding real-time deployment on edge devices, efficient data encoding, limited explainability of quantum-driven features, and hardware constraints. This survey reviews classical, hybrid, and quantum-enhanced approaches, provides comparative insights, and identifies research gaps toward developing scalable, interpretable, and dependable frameworks for plant disease detection and diagnosis.
Plants are susceptible to numerous illnesses during their growth stages, rendering early diagnosis a significant challenge in contemporary agriculture. Not being able to find infections early on can greatly lower agricultural yields and hurt farmers' incomes. There are several new methods that use Machine Learning and Deep Learning to solve this problem; however they generally have low classification accuracy or need millions of trainable parameters, which makes them less efficient. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) model for the automated detection of plant diseases. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no literature that has investigated QCNNs for this purpose. This work employs the proposed approach to detect Bacterial Spot disease in peach plants utilizing leaf photos from the publicly accessible Plant Village dataset. The system only needs 9,914 trainable parameters to work, and it gets 94.96 % accuracy. These results show that QCNNs are good at predicting plant diseases and could be useful in other areas of agriculture as well.
Medical and agricultural sector needs to make timely and accurate diagnosis of the disease in order to sustain crops and keep patients alive. Although conventional deep learning models can be also applicable to provide good performance, they are also typified with high-computational and scaling along with high-dimensionality agricultural and medical images. In a bid to overcome these challenges, the current paper proposes a Hybrid Quantum -Classical Artificial Intelligence (HQCAI) system that should be used in dual-domain image classification, namely, plant leaf disease classification and oesophageal cancer classification. The proposed architecture implements a conventional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to obtain spatial features of high quality and quantum-enhanced classifiers to optimize the decision boundaries relying on quantum superposition and parallelism with Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) and Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs). It presents a common knowledge representation layer in order to help in the effective storage of characteristics, cross-domain learning and intelligent inference between heterogeneous data sets. Experiments are carried out with the help of the data collection. The proposed hybrid model gives a better classification rate of 98.42, with precision of 98.11, recall of 97.94 and F1-score of 98.02 compared to CNN and CNN-SVM models in the state of the art. Convergence and performance of the system is also better when noises are present. The results support the practical role of quantum-enhanced visual classification and describe the prospects of hybrid quantum classical intelligence of the agricultural diagnostics and medical diagnostics systems in the future.
Abstract - We present a comprehensive study exploring quantum machine learning (QML) approaches for plant disease detection from leaf images and compare them against well-established classical counterparts. Specifically, we implement and analyze Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs) vs classical SVMs, and Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) vs classical CNNs. Using the widely used PlantVillage and complementary field datasets, we describe image preprocessing, classical baseline architectures, quantum data-encoding strategies, circuit-level QSVM and QCNN designs for near-term quantum devices, and hybrid training procedures. Where possible, we review literature-reported performance and propose a reproducible experimental pipeline for empirical evaluation on simulated/noisy quantum backends. We discuss expected strengths and limitations of quantum approaches (expressivity, kernel advantages, resource constraints), provide detailed evaluation metrics and ablations, and propose directions for real-device experiments and field deployment. Key takeaways: QSVM/quantum-kernel methods can provide superior separability on certain feature maps and small-to-medium-sized datasets, while QCNNs show promise as compact feature extractors for hybrid pipelines — but both approaches currently require careful circuit design and error-mitigation to outperform well-tuned classical models in realistic field settings. Key Words: QCNN, Plant Disease, SVM, CNN, QSVM