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Optics Communications

Implementation of Peres gate encoding leveraging photonic polarization and orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom

Jiaqi Shang, Yanbing Zhu, Ya-nan Fan, Yunjie Kou, X. Q Yan, Yunjie Zhang, Feiran Wang

Published Dec 27, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2025.132845

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Abstract Wave-particle duality is a foundational yet counterintuitive feature of quantum mechanics, typically demonstrated via delayed-choice and quantum delayed-choice (QDC) experi ments. Photon-based implementations commonly rely on polarization or path degrees of freedom (DoFs), but these approaches present limitations: polarization is restricted to two dimensions, and the path-based schemes, while scalable, face increasing challenges in opti cal complexity and interferometric stability as the dimensionality grows. Here, we present a scalable QDC scheme leveraging the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons that overcomes these limitations. Instead of directly encoding paths in OAM states, we encode qubits in subsystems of the OAM DoF—specifically, its signs and amplitudes—and real ize a controlled-Hadamard (CH) gate with 98.73±0.02% fidelity on these qubits using a diffractive neural network. This allows us to demonstrate the QDC experiment within the OAM subsystems, achieving interference transitions between wave-like and particle like behaviors, with fidelities exceeding 99%. Our results show that wave-particle duality extends beyond intrinsic DoFs to qubits encoded in internal substructures of those DoFs, offering a broader perspective on the fundamental nature of quantum behavior.
The curvature and twisting of spacetime rotate the angle of polarization and imprint orbital angular momentum to photons emitted by the accretion disk near rotating black holes. Considering polarization and orbital angular momentum as two degrees of freedom of single-photons that can encode quantum information, we emphasize that the particular shape of spacetime around rotating black holes implements quantum gates and simple quantum circuits. Consequently, we demonstrate the implementation of some elementary quantum gates, like Hadamard or C-NOT, and simple quantum circuits, like Bell states, with photons in the presence of spinning black holes. Detection and measurement of quantum information encoded in photons emitted in the accretion disk around rotating black holes may be performed by actual quantum information technology.