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Journal of the Optical Society of America A

Geometric phase of rotations and 3D coordinate transformations

Luis A. Garza-Soto, Nathan A. Hagen

Published Dec 22, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The wave superposition model of the geometric phase shows how the addition of waves creates a shift in the resulting wave position. While previous work focused on a basis of linearly polarized light waves and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase, we show how the spin-redirection phase (Rytov-Vladimirsky-Berry phase) can also be derived from the same approach of wave superposition, using rotating vectors to represent the superposing oscillations. The result is the first derivation of the spin-redirection phase using wave superposition. We illustrate this approach with two classic examples of the geometric phase of rotations in space: a system of three fold mirrors and the helically coiled fiber.

DOI
10.1364/josaa.583298

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Wave description of geometric phase

Luis A. Garza-Soto, Nathan A. Hagen, Dorilian Lopez-Mago +1 more

Since Pancharatnam's 1956 discovery of optical geometric phase and Berry's 1984 discovery of geometric phase in quantum systems, researchers analyzing geometric phase have focused almost exclusively on algebraic approaches using the Jones calculus, or on spherical trigonometry approaches using the Poincaré sphere. The abstracted mathematics of the former and the abstracted geometry of the latter obscure the physical mechanism that generates geometric phase. We show that optical geometric phase derives entirely from the superposition of waves and the resulting shift in the location of the wave maximum. This wave-based model provides a way to visualize how geometric phase arises from relationships between waves, and from the transformations induced by optical elements. We also derive the relationship between the geometric phase of a wave by itself and the phase exhibited by an interferogram, and provide the conditions under which the two match one another.

arXiv:2211.06900•Journal of the Optical Society of America A•Jan 4, 2023•22 citations

Spin-redirection Berry phase with planar rays

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Geometric or Berry phases are fundamental manifestations that appear in many areas of physics. They arise from the geometry of the space describing the properties of multicomponent wave fields. An important example for electromagnetic waves is the spin-redirection Berry phase associated with the evolution of the spin direction. Because this effect has traditionally been studied in isotropic media where the spin is aligned with the ray trajectory, it has become commonly assumed that this spin-redirection Berry phase requires nonplanar rays. Here, we show that a spin-redirection phase can in fact arise along a planar ray if the spin evolves along the ray. We expose this effect through the singular example of a moving unmagnetized plasma, and demonstrate how this behavior can more generally arise from a finite transverse spin. In identifying this new spin-redirection mechanism, our work not only provides the tools to discover additional manifestations of spin-orbit interactions (SOIs) in nature, but also uncovers supplemental degrees of freedom to harness SOIs to control light.

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Geometric Phases in Action

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Both Berry’s phase and Hannay’s angles could have been discovered long before they were. In 1938 Russian physicist Sergei M. Rytov investigated the rotation of the polarization vector of light travelling along the coiled ray. Actually, as was shown by V.V. Vladimirskii in 1941, Rytov’s observation finds an elegant interpretation in terms of geometric properties of a coiled ray. It turns out that rotation of polarization may be interpreted as a simple manifestation of the geometric phase. Actually, the similar conclusion was made by Bortolotti in 1926, however, both Bortolotti and Rytov-Vladimirskii papers were completely unknown to optical community. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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The Pancharatnam-Berry Phase: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects

Francisco De

In 1984 Berry addressed a quantum system undergoing a unitary and cyclic evolution under the action of a time-dependent Hamiltonian (M. V. Berry, 1984). The process was supposed to be adiabatic, meaning that the time scale of the system’s evolution was much shorter than the time scale of the changing Hamiltonian. Until Berry’s study, it was assumed that for a cyclic Hamiltonian the quantum state would acquire only so-called dynamical phases, deprived of physical meaning. Such phases could be eliminated by redefining the quantum state through a “gauge” transformation of the form |ψ〉 → eiα |ψ〉. However, Berry discovered that besides the dynamical, there was an additional phase that could not be “gauged away” and whose origin was geometric or topological. It depended on the path that |ψ〉 describes in the parameter space spanned by those parameters to which the Hamiltonian owed its time dependence. Berry’s discovery was the starting point for a great amount of investigations that brought to light topological aspects of both quantum and classical systems. Berry’s phase was soon recognized as a special case of more general phases that showed up when dealing with topological aspects of different systems. For example, the Aharonov-Bohm phase could be understood as a geometric phase. The rotation angle acquired by a parallel-transported vector after completing a closed loop in a gravitationally curved space-time region, is also a geometric, Berry-like phase. Another example is the precession of the plane of oscillation of a Foucault pendulum. Berry’s original formulation was directly applicable to the case of a spin-1/2 system evolving under the action of a slowly varying magnetic field that undergoes cyclic changes. A spin-1/2 system is a special case of a two-level system. Another instances are two-level atoms and polarized light, so that also in these cases we should expect to find geometric phases. In fact, the first experimental test of Berry’s phase was done using polarized, classical light (A. Tomita, 1986). Pancharatnam (S. Pancharatnam, 1956) anticipated Berry’s phase when he proposed, back in 1956, how to decide whether two polarization states are “in phase”. Pancharatnam’s prescription is an operational one, based upon observing whether the intensity of the interferogram formed by two polarized beams has maximal intensity. In that case, the two polarized beams are said to be “in phase”. Such a definition is analogous to the definition of distant parallelism in differential geometry. Polarized states can be subjected to different transformations which could be cyclic or not, adiabatic or not, unitary or not. The Pancharatnam-Berry Phase: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects

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Physical mechanism for the geometric phases in optics and angular momentum holonomy

Suresh Chandra Tiwari

Vast literature on the experiments and mathematical formulations on the geometric phases signifies the importance of this subject. Physical mechanism for the origin of the geometric phases in optics was suggested in 1992 by the author in terms of the exchange of the angular momentum. Some of the literature has taken notice of it, however, the real import of the suggested mechanism and the angular momentum holonomy conjecture has remained elusive. The present contribution delineates the prevailing confusions and offers a thorough discussion on the nature of the light waves to resolve the conceptual issues. It is argued that at a fundamental level there exist only two types of geometric phases arising from (i) the geometry of the wave vector space, and (ii) the polarization state space. For the light beams of definite polarization spatial modes (HG or LG modes) the geometric phase has origin in the wave vector space that is different than the spin redirection phase for the polarized light. Angular momentum holonomy is proposed to be equivalent to the geometric phase in general.

arXiv:2404.05747•Apr 3, 2024•0 citations
The wave superposition model of the geometric phase shows how the addition of waves creates a shift in the resulting wave position. While previous work focused on a basis of linearly polarized light waves and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase, we show how the spin-redirection phase (Rytov-Vladimirsky-Berry phase) can also be derived from the same approach of wave superposition, using rotating vectors to represent the superposing oscillations. The result is the first derivation of the spin-redirection phase using wave superposition. We illustrate this approach with two classic examples of the geometric phase of rotations in space: a system of three fold mirrors and the helically coiled fiber.
Since Pancharatnam's 1956 discovery of optical geometric phase and Berry's 1984 discovery of geometric phase in quantum systems, researchers analyzing geometric phase have focused almost exclusively on algebraic approaches using the Jones calculus, or on spherical trigonometry approaches using the Poincaré sphere. The abstracted mathematics of the former and the abstracted geometry of the latter obscure the physical mechanism that generates geometric phase. We show that optical geometric phase derives entirely from the superposition of waves and the resulting shift in the location of the wave maximum. This wave-based model provides a way to visualize how geometric phase arises from relationships between waves, and from the transformations induced by optical elements. We also derive the relationship between the geometric phase of a wave by itself and the phase exhibited by an interferogram, and provide the conditions under which the two match one another.
Geometric or Berry phases are fundamental manifestations that appear in many areas of physics. They arise from the geometry of the space describing the properties of multicomponent wave fields. An important example for electromagnetic waves is the spin-redirection Berry phase associated with the evolution of the spin direction. Because this effect has traditionally been studied in isotropic media where the spin is aligned with the ray trajectory, it has become commonly assumed that this spin-redirection Berry phase requires nonplanar rays. Here, we show that a spin-redirection phase can in fact arise along a planar ray if the spin evolves along the ray. We expose this effect through the singular example of a moving unmagnetized plasma, and demonstrate how this behavior can more generally arise from a finite transverse spin. In identifying this new spin-redirection mechanism, our work not only provides the tools to discover additional manifestations of spin-orbit interactions (SOIs) in nature, but also uncovers supplemental degrees of freedom to harness SOIs to control light.
Both Berry’s phase and Hannay’s angles could have been discovered long before they were. In 1938 Russian physicist Sergei M. Rytov investigated the rotation of the polarization vector of light travelling along the coiled ray. Actually, as was shown by V.V. Vladimirskii in 1941, Rytov’s observation finds an elegant interpretation in terms of geometric properties of a coiled ray. It turns out that rotation of polarization may be interpreted as a simple manifestation of the geometric phase. Actually, the similar conclusion was made by Bortolotti in 1926, however, both Bortolotti and Rytov-Vladimirskii papers were completely unknown to optical community. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
In 1984 Berry addressed a quantum system undergoing a unitary and cyclic evolution under the action of a time-dependent Hamiltonian (M. V. Berry, 1984). The process was supposed to be adiabatic, meaning that the time scale of the system’s evolution was much shorter than the time scale of the changing Hamiltonian. Until Berry’s study, it was assumed that for a cyclic Hamiltonian the quantum state would acquire only so-called dynamical phases, deprived of physical meaning. Such phases could be eliminated by redefining the quantum state through a “gauge” transformation of the form |ψ〉 → eiα |ψ〉. However, Berry discovered that besides the dynamical, there was an additional phase that could not be “gauged away” and whose origin was geometric or topological. It depended on the path that |ψ〉 describes in the parameter space spanned by those parameters to which the Hamiltonian owed its time dependence. Berry’s discovery was the starting point for a great amount of investigations that brought to light topological aspects of both quantum and classical systems. Berry’s phase was soon recognized as a special case of more general phases that showed up when dealing with topological aspects of different systems. For example, the Aharonov-Bohm phase could be understood as a geometric phase. The rotation angle acquired by a parallel-transported vector after completing a closed loop in a gravitationally curved space-time region, is also a geometric, Berry-like phase. Another example is the precession of the plane of oscillation of a Foucault pendulum. Berry’s original formulation was directly applicable to the case of a spin-1/2 system evolving under the action of a slowly varying magnetic field that undergoes cyclic changes. A spin-1/2 system is a special case of a two-level system. Another instances are two-level atoms and polarized light, so that also in these cases we should expect to find geometric phases. In fact, the first experimental test of Berry’s phase was done using polarized, classical light (A. Tomita, 1986). Pancharatnam (S. Pancharatnam, 1956) anticipated Berry’s phase when he proposed, back in 1956, how to decide whether two polarization states are “in phase”. Pancharatnam’s prescription is an operational one, based upon observing whether the intensity of the interferogram formed by two polarized beams has maximal intensity. In that case, the two polarized beams are said to be “in phase”. Such a definition is analogous to the definition of distant parallelism in differential geometry. Polarized states can be subjected to different transformations which could be cyclic or not, adiabatic or not, unitary or not. The Pancharatnam-Berry Phase: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects
Vast literature on the experiments and mathematical formulations on the geometric phases signifies the importance of this subject. Physical mechanism for the origin of the geometric phases in optics was suggested in 1992 by the author in terms of the exchange of the angular momentum. Some of the literature has taken notice of it, however, the real import of the suggested mechanism and the angular momentum holonomy conjecture has remained elusive. The present contribution delineates the prevailing confusions and offers a thorough discussion on the nature of the light waves to resolve the conceptual issues. It is argued that at a fundamental level there exist only two types of geometric phases arising from (i) the geometry of the wave vector space, and (ii) the polarization state space. For the light beams of definite polarization spatial modes (HG or LG modes) the geometric phase has origin in the wave vector space that is different than the spin redirection phase for the polarized light. Angular momentum holonomy is proposed to be equivalent to the geometric phase in general.