This paper aimed to provide a thorough examination of recent advancements in digital signatures, emphasizing data security, authentication, and information non-repudiation in the digital age. The study is based on a review of scientific literature from the period 2020 to 2025, in which fundamental principles such as cryptography, public key infrastructure (PKI), hash functions, and RSA algorithms were analysed. It was confirmed that the practical principles of digital signatures were analysed in sensitive areas such as blockchain and healthcare, along with emerging technologies like post-quantum systems and artificial intelligence. The research findings showed that traditional algorithms like RSA are gradually being replaced by newer models such as Syrga-1 and HBSS, which provide better protection against quantum attacks. The importance of PKI in identity verification and certificate management within decentralized systems was confirmed. We consider digital signatures to be essential for ensuring integrity and non-repudiation in many applications. This study enhances academic literature by elucidating contemporary difficulties and prospects for continued progress in digital security. Nonetheless, constraints remain concerning the experimental status of post-quantum technologies and the absence of widespread standardization. Recommendations include expediting the standardization of post-quantum algorithms, incorporating them with blockchain technology, formulating lightweight schemes for the Internet of Things, and enhancing awareness about the usage of digital signatures in both public and private sectors.
This paper aimed to provide a thorough examination of recent advancements in digital signatures, emphasizing data security, authentication, and information non-repudiation in the digital age. The study is based on a review of scientific literature from the period 2020 to 2025, in which fundamental principles such as cryptography, public key infrastructure (PKI), hash functions, and RSA algorithms were analysed. It was confirmed that the practical principles of digital signatures were analysed in sensitive areas such as blockchain and healthcare, along with emerging technologies like post-quantum systems and artificial intelligence. The research findings showed that traditional algorithms like RSA are gradually being replaced by newer models such as Syrga-1 and HBSS, which provide better protection against quantum attacks. The importance of PKI in identity verification and certificate management within decentralized systems was confirmed. We consider digital signatures to be essential for ensuring integrity and non-repudiation in many applications. This study enhances academic literature by elucidating contemporary difficulties and prospects for continued progress in digital security. Nonetheless, constraints remain concerning the experimental status of post-quantum technologies and the absence of widespread standardization. Recommendations include expediting the standardization of post-quantum algorithms, incorporating them with blockchain technology, formulating lightweight schemes for the Internet of Things, and enhancing awareness about the usage of digital signatures in both public and private sectors.
Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.
Public key cryptography plays a pivotal role in maintaining digital security and privacy, with its foundations built on the hardness of certain mathematical problems. However, the emergence of quantum computing threatens the security of current cryptographic systems, making the adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) an urgent necessity. Digital signature schemes are essential components in secure communications, providing authentication, non-repudiation, and data integrity. This paper examines the state of post-quantum digital signature schemes across various cryptographic approaches, including lattice-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial-based, hash-based, symmetric-key-based, and isogeny-based systems, alongside advancements in Multi-Party Computation in the Head (MPC-in-the-head) schemes. The paper then explores application-specific signatures such as blind, undeniable, threshold, chameleon, aggregate, and ring signatures, explaining their main use cases and the existing post-quantum cryptographic classifications that support these constructions individually. Software implementations of selected prominent PQC digital signature schemes were carried out, and their performance was systematically analysed using metrics such as bandwidth consumption, latency, and computational efficiency. These results provide key observations regarding the suitability of different schemes for both resource-constrained and high-performance environments. Subsequently, a detailed literature review of implementations on embedded and hardware platforms is presented, focusing on ARM-based devices and FPGA accelerators to evaluate deployment feasibility beyond general-purpose processors. Based on the software and implementation-level findings, a comparative analysis across software, embedded, and hardware platforms is conducted to highlight architectural influences on performance, scalability, and practicality. Furthermore the cryptanalytic attacks on post-quantum digital signature schemes across various PQC classifications are examined in this paper, taking into account both classical and quantum adversarial models. To evaluate realistic security constraints, implementation-oriented vulnerabilities such as side-channel and fault-based attacks are also examined. In addition, the applicability of post-quantum digital signature schemes within TLS, IoT, and related practical deployment scenarios is analysed. The study also discusses possible directions for further investigation, focusing on the requirement for effective and expandable PQC systems that can satisfy changing cybersecurity requirements. In order to protect sensitive data in the digital era, this study emphasizes the need for implementing quantum-secure systems by fusing theoretical understandings with real-world applications.
Traditionally, information security needed encryption, authentication, key management, non-repudiation and authorization which were being met using several techniques. Standardization of algorithms by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has facilitated international communication for banking and information transfer using these standards. Encryption can be carried out using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using variable block lengths (128, 192 or 256 bits) and variable key lengths (128, 192 or 256 bits). Solutions for light weight applications such as those for Internet of Things (IoT) are also being standardized. Message integrity is possible using host of hash algorithms such as SHA-1, SHA-2 etc., and more recently using SHA-3 algorithm. Authentication is possible using well known Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm needing 2048/4096 bit operations. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is also quite popular and used in several practical systems such as WhatsApp, Blackberry etc. Key exchange is possible using Diffie-Hellman algorithm and its variations. Digital Signatures can be carried out using RSA algorithm or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) or DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm). All these algorithms derive security from difficulty in solving some mathematical problems such as factorization problem or discrete logarithm problem. Though published literature gives evidence of solving factorization problem upto 768 bits only, it is believed that using Quantum computers, these problems could be solved by the end of this decade. This is due to availability of the pioneering work of Shor and Grover [1]. For factoring an integer of N bits, Shor’s algorithm takes quantum gates. As such, there is ever growing interest in being ready for the next decade with algorithms that may resist attacks in the quantum computer era. NIST has foreseen this need and has invited proposals from researchers all over the world. In the first round, about 66 submissions were received which have been scrutinized for completeness of submissions , novelty of the approach and security and 25 of these were promote to second round to improve based on the comments received on the first round submission. These will be analyzed for security and some will be selected for final recommendation for use by industry. These are for encryption/decryption, key agreement, hashing and Digital Signatures for both hardware and software implementations. In this paper, we present a brief survey of the state of the art in post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) followed by study of one of technique referred to as Learning With Errors (LWE) in some detail.
The emergence of quantum computing introduces unprecedented risks to classical cryptographic schemes, particularly digital signatures that safeguard authentication, confidentiality, and data integrity across digital ecosystems. To address these concerns, this paper investigates the adoption of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) within Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) frameworks, emphasizing its role in strengthening electronic signature (eSign) systems against quantum threats. Traditional PKI implementations rely on algorithms such as RSA and ECC in combination with Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) for secure key management; however, these methods are vulnerable to quantum algorithms like Shor's. We examine how quantum-resistant alternatives-including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial-based schemes standardized by NIST-can be integrated into PKI without compromising interoperability and compliance. A comparative evaluation highlights trade-offs in performance, storage, and computational complexity while demonstrating the feasibility of embedding PQC into existing eSign infrastructures. Our findings underscore the urgency of transitioning towards quantum-safe digital signatures to ensure resilience, regulatory alignment, and long-term trust in national-scale digital services.
The emergence of quantum computing presents significant challenges to existing Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems, particularly concerning the security of current cryptographic algorithms. As quantum computers evolve, traditional public-key cryptography methods like RSA and ECC face increasing vulnerability, necessitating a transition to quantum-resistant alternatives. This document explores the critical intersection of post-quantum cryptography and IAM, examining the transformation required in security frameworks to maintain resilience in a quantum-enabled future. The discussion encompasses the evolution of quantum threats to current IAM implementations, the development of post-quantum cryptographic solutions, the essential transformation of IAM infrastructure, and the integration of advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence and quantum-safe authentication mechanisms. Special attention is given to practical implementation considerations, including hybrid authentication models and the modernization of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems to ensure continued security in the post-quantum era.
The impending arrival of viable quantum computing is a major worry to modern-day identity management systems that mainly depend on classical public-key cryptography techniques such as RSA and elliptic curve. Such systems are the basis of secure infrastructure in digital identities such as authentication, digital signature and trust models based on certificates. These cryptographic primitives can be broken using quantum algorithms like Shor and Grover, compromising the privacy of credentials and sessions stored and authenticated on digital ecosystems. The paper provides the necessity of the transition of identity management systems to post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms that will be resistant to quantum attacks. It gives a general overview of quantum-exposed identity protocols, as well as a look at the up-and-coming PQC algorithms under development, with a special call to digital signature algorithms capable of identity provision, authentication, and credential lifecycle management. Moreover, the paper isolates the problems of integration which include key size overhead, legacy system compatibility and performance trade-offs and suggests integration to take place through the use of hybrid and decentralized framework to allow a secure migration. This study will form part of a strategic plan to a post-quantum identity infrastructure, with the long term reliability, validity, and withstanding of quantum-era vulnerabilities.