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Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Phase Retrieval and Fidelity Preserving Quantum Channels

Liu, Kai

Published Aug 15, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This thesis investigates the preservation of fundamental quantum properties under noisy quantum processes. Motivated by the challenges of maintaining coherence and information integrity in realistic quantum systems, we study three distinct structural properties: phase retrievability, orbit injectivity, and fidelity preservation. Each property reflects a unique facet of how quantum information can be robustly encoded, distinguished, or compared in the presence of environmental interactions. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze phase retrievable quantum channels which allow recovery of a quantum state up to a global phase. We provide structural characterizations using the Kraus representation and the joint spectrum of the Kraus operators. We then extend this study to orbit-injective channels, which distinguish quantum states up to more general group actions. This generalization captures symmetry-induced ambiguities and deepens the understanding of information distinguishability in structured quantum systems. The second part focuses on fidelity, a widely used measure of quantum similarity. We explore conditions under which mixed unitary quantum channels preserve fidelity between quantum states. These investigations reveal how fidelity preservation can constrain the structure of a quantum channel, providing insight into error tolerance and stability in quantum communication. Together, these results contribute to a unified perspective on how different aspects of quantum information-state reconstruction, distinguishability, and similarity-can be maintained under noise, offering both theoretical insight and tools for practical quantum technologies.

Related papers

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Deguang Han, Kai Liu

This survey introduces the role of frame phase retrieval in pure-state identification and information preservation by quantum channels. For unit vectors, the lift $x\mapsto xx^*$ identifies vectors that differ only by a global phase with the same rank-one quantum state, converts frame intensities into linear functionals of the lifted state, and makes the adjoint pullback of output observables an operator-valued measurement on the input system. From this viewpoint, a channel is phase retrievable exactly when it is injective on pure states. We develop this correspondence through Choi-rank-two linear combinations of Kraus operators, higher-rank relative spectra, structural obstructions, and constructions with prescribed Choi rank. We distinguish injective identification from full tomography, perfect one-shot discrimination, zero-error classical communication, and exact quantum correction. Twirling channels then provide a structured setting in which commutants, irreducible dimensions, multiplicities, orbit-frame orthogonality, coding indices, and phase-retrievable subspaces can be read from group representations.

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Fidelity preserving and decoherence for mixed unitary quantum channels

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Distinguishable and non-distinguishable quantum states are fundamental resources in quantum mechanics and quantum technologies. Interactions with the environment often induce decoherence, impacting both the distinguishability and non-distinguishability between quantum states. In this paper, we investigate mixed unitary quantum channels and the conditions under which fidelity, a measure of quantum state closeness, is preserved. More precisely, for quantum channels in the form $Φ(ρ) = \sum_{i=1}^N p_i U_i ρU_i^*$, we analyze their effect on quantum state $|φ\rangle$ through the associated purification $|Ψ\rangle$, explore the structure of such quantum channels that preserve either distinguishable or non-distinguishable states and then discuss the challenges of maintaining fidelity, particularly under the influence of phase damping.

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Enhancing Phase Retrievability of Quantum Channels via Interferometric Coupling

Kai Liu, Deguang Han, Omar Nour

Phase retrievability of a quantum channel asks whether pure states can be reconstructed from suitable measurements. In this paper, we study this problem from three complementary viewpoints: quantum information theory, operator-valued frames, and the physical realization through quantum interferometry. We first show that a quantum channel is phase retrievable if and only if its complementary channel is pure-state informationally complete. This structural characterization leads to several consequences for phase retrievability, including criteria involving the dimension of the complementary operator system, Choi-rank type bounds, and specific results for entanglement breaking channels and twirling channels. We then introduce an interferometric coupling in which two arm channels are coherently recombined through port operators \(M_i(θ)=A_i+e^{iθ}B_i\). Unlike classical mixing, this construction produces interference cross terms that can enlarge the complementary operator system and thereby enhance phase retrievability. From the frame theory viewpoint, the interferometer realizes a coherent coupling of operator-valued frames. To quantify this effect, we introduce injectivity indices for completely positive maps. The examples in Section~5 show that coherent interference can significantly improve phase retrieval behavior even when the arm channels are individually not phase retrievable.

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Phase Retrievability of Super Operators and Measurements

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Symmetric Functionals over Tensor Product Spaces in the Context of Quantum Information Theory

Moritz Ernst

This thesis consists of three parts. We begin our investigation with a brief introduction into open quantum systems. Then we explain different measures of distinguishability of density operators, especially the Uhlmann Fidelity, which will be the basis for the model function we investigate in this work. \nWe continue by explaining the time evolution of open quantum systems in more detail, and introducing the important notion of quantum channels as a concept in quantum information theory. This allows us to state a central problem of quantum information theory: the characterization of the quantum information capacity of a given quantum channel. The major challenge is the maximization of the coherent information, a function defined on a n-fold tensor product of a Hilbert space, which is non-additive and thus has to be considered in the limit as n→∞. \n \nTo gain an insight into this unsolved problem, we study the channel fidelity of a quantum channel, which is a simpler function, also defined on n-fold tensor product spaces. It shares an essential feature with the coherent information in being non-additive. However, in contrast to the coherent information it is mathematically accessible. We establish the channel fidelity as a model for the coherent information and study its properties. \n \nIn the second part, a short introduction to the representation theory of symmetric and unitary groups is followed by concrete instructions for Collins' and \\'{S}niady's formula for the integration of functions of matrix elements of unitary groups with respect to the Haar measure. This exposition culminates in a simplification of the general formula that is optimal for investigating the channel fidelity. \n \nIn the third part, we calculate channel fidelity moments for arbitrary n. In order to obtain more concrete results, we restrict ourselves to the study of Pauli channels. For these we discuss the transition of the average and variance from small n to the limit n→∞ and give an explicit formula for both in this limit. In particular, we find that for a large number n of Pauli channels, the channel fidelity distribution is peaked very strongly. Additionally, under certain restrictions, the simplified formula from part two also allows us to give concrete expressions for higher moments in the limit n→∞. \n \nWe conclude by comparing our new results with results from a former work, where, in the search for maximizing states of the channel fidelity, we found states that maximize the channel fidelity of Pauli channels, at least locally. Because these local maxima have a much higher fidelity than the average of the very strongly peaked distribution, we infer that these states would not be found by a standard numerical maximization procedure. If the channel fidelity models the coherent information accurately in this regard, its maximization thus poses a very hard problem.

•Dec 5, 2014•0 citations
This thesis investigates the preservation of fundamental quantum properties under noisy quantum processes. Motivated by the challenges of maintaining coherence and information integrity in realistic quantum systems, we study three distinct structural properties: phase retrievability, orbit injectivity, and fidelity preservation. Each property reflects a unique facet of how quantum information can be robustly encoded, distinguished, or compared in the presence of environmental interactions. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze phase retrievable quantum channels which allow recovery of a quantum state up to a global phase. We provide structural characterizations using the Kraus representation and the joint spectrum of the Kraus operators. We then extend this study to orbit-injective channels, which distinguish quantum states up to more general group actions. This generalization captures symmetry-induced ambiguities and deepens the understanding of information distinguishability in structured quantum systems. The second part focuses on fidelity, a widely used measure of quantum similarity. We explore conditions under which mixed unitary quantum channels preserve fidelity between quantum states. These investigations reveal how fidelity preservation can constrain the structure of a quantum channel, providing insight into error tolerance and stability in quantum communication. Together, these results contribute to a unified perspective on how different aspects of quantum information-state reconstruction, distinguishability, and similarity-can be maintained under noise, offering both theoretical insight and tools for practical quantum technologies.
This survey introduces the role of frame phase retrieval in pure-state identification and information preservation by quantum channels. For unit vectors, the lift x↦xx∗x\mapsto xx^*x↦xx∗ identifies vectors that differ only by a global phase with the same rank-one quantum state, converts frame intensities into linear functionals of the lifted state, and makes the adjoint pullback of output observables an operator-valued measurement on the input system. From this viewpoint, a channel is phase retrievable exactly when it is injective on pure states. We develop this correspondence through Choi-rank-two linear combinations of Kraus operators, higher-rank relative spectra, structural obstructions, and constructions with prescribed Choi rank. We distinguish injective identification from full tomography, perfect one-shot discrimination, zero-error classical communication, and exact quantum correction. Twirling channels then provide a structured setting in which commutants, irreducible dimensions, multiplicities, orbit-frame orthogonality, coding indices, and phase-retrievable subspaces can be read from group representations.
Distinguishable and non-distinguishable quantum states are fundamental resources in quantum mechanics and quantum technologies. Interactions with the environment often induce decoherence, impacting both the distinguishability and non-distinguishability between quantum states. In this paper, we investigate mixed unitary quantum channels and the conditions under which fidelity, a measure of quantum state closeness, is preserved. More precisely, for quantum channels in the form Φ(ρ)=∑i=1NpiUiρUi∗Φ(ρ) = \sum_{i=1}^N p_i U_i ρU_i^*Φ(ρ)=∑i=1N​pi​Ui​ρUi∗​, we analyze their effect on quantum state ∣φ⟩|φ\rangle∣φ⟩ through the associated purification ∣Ψ⟩|Ψ\rangle∣Ψ⟩, explore the structure of such quantum channels that preserve either distinguishable or non-distinguishable states and then discuss the challenges of maintaining fidelity, particularly under the influence of phase damping.
Phase retrievability of a quantum channel asks whether pure states can be reconstructed from suitable measurements. In this paper, we study this problem from three complementary viewpoints: quantum information theory, operator-valued frames, and the physical realization through quantum interferometry. We first show that a quantum channel is phase retrievable if and only if its complementary channel is pure-state informationally complete. This structural characterization leads to several consequences for phase retrievability, including criteria involving the dimension of the complementary operator system, Choi-rank type bounds, and specific results for entanglement breaking channels and twirling channels. We then introduce an interferometric coupling in which two arm channels are coherently recombined through port operators Mi(θ)=Ai+eiθBiM_i(θ)=A_i+e^{iθ}B_iMi​(θ)=Ai​+eiθBi​. Unlike classical mixing, this construction produces interference cross terms that can enlarge the complementary operator system and thereby enhance phase retrievability. From the frame theory viewpoint, the interferometer realizes a coherent coupling of operator-valued frames. To quantify this effect, we introduce injectivity indices for completely positive maps. The examples in Section~5 show that coherent interference can significantly improve phase retrieval behavior even when the arm channels are individually not phase retrievable.
This thesis studies the capacities of quantum channels under repeated noisy evolution, with a focus on the long-time behavior of classical and quantum information transmission. The main goal is to understand how much information can still be preserved or recovered when a quantum channel is applied many times, and to develop structural, analytic, and algorithmic tools for characterizing these capacities.The core results are presented in Chapter 2. First, the thesis investigates the infinite-time regime and shows that the asymptotic capacities of quantum channels are determined by the structure of their peripheral subspace. This leads to explicit characterizations of the infinite-time classical capacity and bounds on the infinite-time quantum capacity, together with results on additivity and extensions to more general settings. The thesis then studies the finite-time behavior for GNS-symmetric channels and proves explicit exponential convergence bounds, showing that the capacities approach their infinite-time values rapidly. In addition, algorithmic methods are developed for computing the peripheral structure and the associated capacity quantities efficiently.Chapter 3 explores a related optimization-based direction motivated by Sum-of-Squares methods and semidefinite programming. Using ideas inspired by separability and SDP hierarchies, this part investigates whether machine-learning-assisted ansatz discovery can help construct more efficient SOS certificates. Although this direction is not yet complete in the specific capacity setting, it provides promising intermediate results and suggests new computational approaches for related problems in quantum information theory. Overall, this thesis provides a structural and quantitative understanding of the long-time information-carrying capabilities of noisy quantum dynamical systems, while also opening new perspectives through optimization and machine-learning-based methods.
We continue the study of Phase Retrieval in the Quantum Information setting in the style of \cite{liu2023phase}, in a manner which is more general in two primary ways: (a) Instead of only pure states we consider also states (and positive semidefinite operators) of bounded rank, as is done in Quantum Tomography; (b) We consider general super operators instead of only quantum channels. We show that in order to have phase retrieval with respect to positive semidefinite operators of bounded rank, it suffices to discriminate between perfectly distinguishable pairs (i.e. those with orthogonal supports). From this we prove that phase retrievability is always Lipschitz stable with respect to the trace norm, and then we use the Fuchs-van de Graaf inequalities to deduce stability with respect to the Bures--Wasserstein distance (thus generalizing the known stability results for phase retrieval in Frame Theory). For Hermitian-preserving super operators taking values in block-diagonal matrices, we characterize phase retrievability in terms of conditions inspired by the classical complement property from Frame Theory.
This thesis consists of three parts. We begin our investigation with a brief introduction into open quantum systems. Then we explain different measures of distinguishability of density operators, especially the Uhlmann Fidelity, which will be the basis for the model function we investigate in this work. \nWe continue by explaining the time evolution of open quantum systems in more detail, and introducing the important notion of quantum channels as a concept in quantum information theory. This allows us to state a central problem of quantum information theory: the characterization of the quantum information capacity of a given quantum channel. The major challenge is the maximization of the coherent information, a function defined on a n-fold tensor product of a Hilbert space, which is non-additive and thus has to be considered in the limit as n→∞. \n \nTo gain an insight into this unsolved problem, we study the channel fidelity of a quantum channel, which is a simpler function, also defined on n-fold tensor product spaces. It shares an essential feature with the coherent information in being non-additive. However, in contrast to the coherent information it is mathematically accessible. We establish the channel fidelity as a model for the coherent information and study its properties. \n \nIn the second part, a short introduction to the representation theory of symmetric and unitary groups is followed by concrete instructions for Collins' and \\'{S}niady's formula for the integration of functions of matrix elements of unitary groups with respect to the Haar measure. This exposition culminates in a simplification of the general formula that is optimal for investigating the channel fidelity. \n \nIn the third part, we calculate channel fidelity moments for arbitrary n. In order to obtain more concrete results, we restrict ourselves to the study of Pauli channels. For these we discuss the transition of the average and variance from small n to the limit n→∞ and give an explicit formula for both in this limit. In particular, we find that for a large number n of Pauli channels, the channel fidelity distribution is peaked very strongly. Additionally, under certain restrictions, the simplified formula from part two also allows us to give concrete expressions for higher moments in the limit n→∞. \n \nWe conclude by comparing our new results with results from a former work, where, in the search for maximizing states of the channel fidelity, we found states that maximize the channel fidelity of Pauli channels, at least locally. Because these local maxima have a much higher fidelity than the average of the very strongly peaked distribution, we infer that these states would not be found by a standard numerical maximization procedure. If the channel fidelity models the coherent information accurately in this regard, its maximization thus poses a very hard problem.