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Optical lattices

Markus Greiner, Simon Fölling

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Optical lattices have rapidly become a favoured tool of atomic and condensed-matter physicists. These crystals made of light can be used to trap atoms at very low temperatures, creating a workshop in which to pore over and tinker with fundamental properties of matter.

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Atomic physicists have traditionally studied the properties and interactions of small numbers of atoms and molecules. Condensed-matter physicists, on the other hand, are interested in the behaviour of larger numbers of such particles. In recent years, however the interests of these two groups of physicists have started to converge. Clusters, for example, bridge the gap between small numbers of atoms and the solid state, as do Bose-Einstein condensates – a new form of matter in which millions of atoms collapse into the same quantum state. Many of the laser cooling and trapping techniques that have helped to make Bose-Einstein condensation possible are also being used to explore the interface between atomic and bulk properties in another regime – in the new state of matter found in “optical lattices”.
The subject of this chapter is perhaps the most spectacular application of atom trapping: optical lattices. Optical lattices are light fields whose intensity exhibits periodicity in one, two, and three dimensions and that resemble the structure of the crystal lattices of solid bodies (explaining why they are termed optical lattices). Their significance, as will be presented in this chapter and the next, extends beyond a similarity to crystal lattices in terms of form and geometry. Optical lattices actually open up new possibilities in atomic and condensed matter physics.