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International Journal of Physics and Mathematics

Application of Green’s-Function techniques to quantum barrier penetration problems

Rahul K Singh, Durgesh Dixena, Dwas Lal, Mrityunjay Kumar

Published Jul 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We obtain a mathematical and algebraic expression of the Green-function method in treating quantum tunnelling in one-dimensional barrier systems. The retarded Green's function of the free-particle resolvent is then obtained consistently to obtain scattering amplitudes using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. The technique is used to apply to the d-function barrier, the finite square barrier, and the double-barrier quantum-well structure in order to describe the transmission, penetration of the barrier, and resonance. With the Green, the pole structure in the case of the double-barrier directly traces the quasi-bound and the Breit-Wigner-type resonances.

DOI
10.33545/26648636.2025.v7.i2d.165

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We obtain a mathematical and algebraic expression of the Green-function method in treating quantum tunnelling in one-dimensional barrier systems. The retarded Green's function of the free-particle resolvent is then obtained consistently to obtain scattering amplitudes using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. The technique is used to apply to the d-function barrier, the finite square barrier, and the double-barrier quantum-well structure in order to describe the transmission, penetration of the barrier, and resonance. With the Green, the pole structure in the case of the double-barrier directly traces the quasi-bound and the Breit-Wigner-type resonances.
The fractional Schrödinger equation is solved for a free particle and for an infinite square potential well. The fundamental solution of the Cauchy problem for a free particle, the energy levels and the normalized wave functions of a particle in a potential well are obtained. In the barrier penetration problem, the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of a particle from a rectangular potential wall is determined. In the quantum scattering problem, according to the fractional Schrödinger equation, the Green’s function of the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation is given.
We derive analytic expressions of the recursive solutions to the Schrödinger's equation by means of a cutoff potential technique for one-dimensional piecewise constant potentials. These solutions provide a method for accurately determining the transmission probabilities as well as the wave function in both classically accessible region and inaccessible region for any barrier potentials. It is also shown that the energy eigenvalues and the wave functions of bound states can be obtained for potential-well structures by exploiting this method. Calculational results of illustrative examples are shown in order to verify this method for treating barrier and potential-well problems.
We show that application of the immersing and transfer-matrix methods to one-dimensional problems of particles scattering leads to the system of two linear equations for the functions F and Φ expressed by means of the transmission and reflection amplitudes. The expressions of these functions are derived. The offered method is illustrated by the finding of transmission and reflection coefficients for the potential barrier with a constant height. The developed method can be applied in solving the quasi-one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems of scattering.
Elementary numerical methods are used to evaluate solutions to Schrödinger’s equation for a variety of one-dimensional potential barriers and to determine the transmission coefficients of free particles. These techniques are used to study the oscillatory variations in transmission coefficients for both continuous and discontinuous potentials. The amplitude of the variations is found to be strongly increased by discontinuities in the potential function but small variations exist even for a smooth, continuous potential function. The techniques described are suitable for intermediate-level undergraduate physics students.
A consistent scheme is proposed for quantizing the potential amplitude in the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation in the case of negative energies (lying in the discrete-spectrum domain). The properties of the eigenfunctions ϕ n ( x ) and eigenvalues α n corresponding to zero, small, and large absolute values of energy E < 0 are analyzed. Expansion in the set ϕ n ( x ) is used to develop a regular perturbation theory (for E < 0), and a general expression is found for the Green function associated with the time-independent Schrödinger equation. A similar method is used to solve several physical problems: the polarizability of a weakly bound quantum-mechanical system, the two-center problem, and the tunneling of slow particles through a potential barrier (or over a potential well). In particular, it is shown that the transmission coefficient for slow particles is anomalously large (on the order of unity) in the case of an attractive potential is characterized by certain critical values of well depth. The proposed approach is advantageous in that it does not require the use of continuum states.
A transfer-matrix technique is formulated to treat the scattering of a particle incident on a piecewise constant potential and interacting with an oscillatory field. A study of tunneling through a single barrier shows in the transmission probabilities, for absorption or emission of quanta from the field, replicas below the barrier of the overbarrier field-free transmissivity, with its resonant structure. In the case of resonant tunneling through a double barrier, an appropriate choice of parameters gives evidence for a change in the regime, with inhibition of transmission at a resonance energy of the intermediate well when the period of the field approaches the lifetime of the resonant state. The technique can be extended to treat scattering of a particle by more general potentials in the presence of an oscillatory perturbation. As an illustrative example, the transmissivity as a function of a bias potential in a double-barrier structure is calculated.