This preprint proposes a testable medium-based ontology (UCM-T, Unified Compressible-Medium Theory) for quantum entanglement.Instead of treating entanglement as a property of “two correlated particles” in an abstract Hilbert space, UCM-T models an entangled state as a single coherent volume of a physical medium (O-medium) simultaneously probed by several detectors. The key point is not to modify the standard quantum formalism for two-detector experiments: all usual predictions (Bell–CHSH violations, cos(2θ) correlations etc.) are recovered in an effective two-mode limit. The proposed ontology, however, leads to additional structure in multi-detector schemes, where several detectors are coupled to the same coherent volume. The paper formulates three classes of multi-detector experiments (E1–E3) that can be implemented on existing quantum optical platforms. For each class, clear falsifiability criteria are given: if all observed multi-point correlations (including their angular and temporal structure) stay within the bounds of the standard two-mode quantum model, the present medium-based ontology of entanglement must be considered experimentally refuted. The work is intended as a programmatic manifesto and a concrete experimental roadmap rather than a complete theory: it invites critical tests of UCM-T by independent groups.
This preprint proposes a testable medium-based ontology (UCM-T, Unified Compressible-Medium Theory) for quantum entanglement.Instead of treating entanglement as a property of “two correlated particles” in an abstract Hilbert space, UCM-T models an entangled state as a single coherent volume of a physical medium (O-medium) simultaneously probed by several detectors. The key point is not to modify the standard quantum formalism for two-detector experiments: all usual predictions (Bell–CHSH violations, cos(2θ) correlations etc.) are recovered in an effective two-mode limit. The proposed ontology, however, leads to additional structure in multi-detector schemes, where several detectors are coupled to the same coherent volume. The paper formulates three classes of multi-detector experiments (E1–E3) that can be implemented on existing quantum optical platforms. For each class, clear falsifiability criteria are given: if all observed multi-point correlations (including their angular and temporal structure) stay within the bounds of the standard two-mode quantum model, the present medium-based ontology of entanglement must be considered experimentally refuted. The work is intended as a programmatic manifesto and a concrete experimental roadmap rather than a complete theory: it invites critical tests of UCM-T by independent groups.
In the Cosmology of the Quarkbase, quantum particles and photons are interpreted as excitations of an etheric plasma represented by the scalar or vector field Ψ(x,t). An experiment that, in standard quantum theory, produces an entangled pair instead generates in this framework a single non-local field excitation: a coherent combination of Ψ-modes correlated through conservation of momentum, spin, and polarization, as well as through the coupling topology between local sources (quarkbases). Local measurement acts as a projection on this extended excitation, producing the experimentally observed strong correlations without any exchange of causal signals between detectors. The Quarkbase formalism introduces explicit medium parameters —density ρp, compressibility K, and effective mass mΨ— that define physical scales such as the screening length λ = 1/mΨ. These quantities determine the spatial decay of entanglement visibility according to V(r) ∝ e⁻ʳ/λ / r, and the effective CHSH parameter becomes Seff = C(r) 2√2. Therefore, if the vacuum possesses a finite λ, Bell-type correlations should attenuate exponentially with distance, providing a falsifiable signature of a massive or screened etheric field. Mathematically, the framework reproduces the predictions of quantum field theory —Bell states, coincidence probabilities, CHSH violation— while offering an ontological interpretation in which entanglement arises from the geometry and coherence of the Ψ-field rather than from instantaneous nonlocal action. The theory therefore unifies microscopic quantum behavior with macroscopic medium dynamics, transforming questions about “collapse” and “nonlocality” into experimentally testable properties of the underlying ether-plasma.
Entanglement is not only fundamental for understanding multipartite quantum systems but also generally useful for quantum information applications. Despite much effort devoted so far, little is known about minimal resources for detecting entanglement and also comparisons to tomography which reveals the full characterization. Here, we show that all entangled states can in general be detected in an experimental scheme that estimates the fidelity of two pure quantum states. An experimental proposal is presented with a single Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry in which only two detectors are applied regardless of the dimensions or the number of modes of quantum systems. This shows measurement settings for entanglement detection are in general inequivalent to tomography: the number of detectors in quantum tomography increases with the dimensions and the modes whereas it is not the case in estimation of fidelity which detects entangled states.
Quantum entanglement is commonly interpreted either as a manifestation of nonlocal dynamics or as a purely epistemic feature of the quantum state.In this work, we present an alternative explanation based on the Theory of Structural Articulation (TSA), in which entanglement is neither a dynamical interaction nor a property of multiple independent objects. Instead, entanglement is identified with the topological integrity of a single structural defect embedded in a fundamental medium, whose spatially separated boundaries are observed as entangled particles. A strict separation is introduced between (i) the ontological condition of existence of such a defect, expressed as a topological invariant, and (ii) the statistical condition of observation, encoded in a contextual measure of realizability. The framework reproduces the exact quantum correlation E(a,b)=−cosθE(a,b) = -\cos\thetaE(a,b)=−cosθ for singlet states, violates Bell inequalities without superluminal signalling, and provides a physically transparent resolution of the measurement problem within a metriplectic dynamics. The theory further predicts the intrinsic metastability of multipartite (GHZ-type) entanglement and a geometry-dependent modulation of coincidence yield, even in the limit of ideal detectors. These predictions render the model explicitly falsifiable and experimentally distinguishable from standard quantum mechanics.
Detecting and quantifying quantum entanglement of a given unknown state poses problems that are fundamentally important for quantum information processing. Surprisingly, no direct (i.e., without quantum tomography) universal experimental implementation of a necessary and sufficient test of entanglement has been designed even for a general two-qubit state. Here we propose an experimental method for detecting a collective universal witness, which is a necessary and sufficient test of two-photon polarization entanglement. It allows us to detect entanglement for any two-qubit mixed state, and to establish tight upper and lower bounds on its amount. A novel element of this method is the sequential character of its main components, which allows us to obtain relatively complicated information about quantum correlations with the help of simple linear-optical elements. As such, this proposal is the first to realize a universal two-qubit entanglement test within the present state of the art of quantum optics. We show the optimality of our setup with respect to the minimal number of measured quantities.
Quantum entanglement has no explanation in terms of local hidden variables (Bell 1964). The U-Cell Model (UCM) is an elastic lattice substrate — naively a local theory. We show that the UCM is in fact a non-local theory: entangled particles share a global pattern in the substrate network, not a local hidden variable. The transverse substrate modes ψ^a transform as spin-1/2 spinors under spatial rotations, a consequence of the cubic lattice symmetry and the Helmholtz decomposition. From this we derive that the UCM substrate reproduces the quantum-mechanical Bell correlation C(α,β) = −cos(α−β) exactly, including the maximum CHSH violation |S| = 2√2. The physical mechanism is the global substrate pattern maintained through the cell membranes, which propagate correlations instantaneously without carrying a usable signal. The UCM thus satisfies Bell's theorem, the no-communication theorem, and special relativity simultaneously. An open question is whether the membrane stiffness κ_mem/κ_cell is finite or infinite. If finite but very large, the UCM predicts a preferred frame — the substrate rest frame — as a testable departure from strict Lorentz invariance. Analysis code (ucm_bell.py) included for reproducibility. Part of the UCM preprint series (ORCID 0009-0005-5088-4339, records 19387201–19430524).
Detecting and quantifying quantum entanglement of a given unknown state poses problems that are fundamentally important for quantum information processing. Surprisingly, no direct (i.e., without quantum tomography) universal experimental implementation of a necessary and sufficient test of entanglement has been designed even for a general two-qubit state. Here we propose an experimental method for detecting a collective universal witness, which is a necessary and sufficient test of two-photon polarization entanglement. It allows us to detect entanglement for any two-qubit mixed state and to establish tight upper and lower bounds on its amount. A different element of this method is the sequential character of its main components, which allows us to obtain relatively complicated information about quantum correlations with the help of simple linear-optical elements. As such, this proposal realizes a universal two-qubit entanglement test within the present state of the art of quantum optics. We show the optimality of our setup with respect to the minimal number of measured quantities.