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Computational Holographic Geometry A: Tensor Networks as Computational Bridge for Geometry-Physics Duality

zhou, changzheng, ZIQING zhou

Published Nov 18, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper systematically discusses the core role and computational methods of tensor networks in the study of geometry-physics duality. By analyzing the unified mathematical structure of tensor networks in multi-scale entanglement renormalization, lattice field theory compression, and algebraic equation solving, we establish their position as computational bridges in AdS/CFT duality, gauge theory, and string theory compactification. We focus on exploring the intrinsic connections between matrix product states, tensor contraction algorithms, and geometric invariant computations, providing a unified theoretical framework and numerical implementation pathways for future research. This paper emphasizes tensor networks as a mathematical language that effectively connects continuous geometric structures with discrete physical models, offering a new computable perspective for understanding quantum gravity and gauge duality.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.17639098

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This paper systematically discusses the core role and computational methods of tensor networks in the study of geometry-physics duality. By analyzing the unified mathematical structure of tensor networks in multi-scale entanglement renormalization, lattice field theory compression, and algebraic equation solving, we establish their position as computational bridges in AdS/CFT duality, gauge theory, and string theory compactification. We focus on exploring the intrinsic connections between matrix product states, tensor contraction algorithms, and geometric invariant computations, providing a unified theoretical framework and numerical implementation pathways for future research. This paper emphasizes tensor networks as a mathematical language that effectively connects continuous geometric structures with discrete physical models, offering a new computable perspective for understanding quantum gravity and gauge duality.
The AdS/CFT correspondence conjectures a holographic duality between gravity in a bulk space and a critical quantum field theory on its boundary. Tensor networks have come to provide toy models to understand these bulk-boundary correspondences, shedding light on connections between geometry and entanglement. We introduce a versatile and efficient framework for studying tensor networks, extending previous tools for Gaussian matchgate tensors in 1 + 1 dimensions. Using regular bulk tilings, we show that the critical Ising theory can be realized on the boundary of both flat and hyperbolic bulk lattices, obtaining highly accurate critical data. Within our framework, we also produce translation-invariant critical states by an efficiently contractible tensor network with the geometry of the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. Furthermore, we establish a link between holographic quantum error-correcting codes and tensor networks. This work is expected to stimulate a more comprehensive study of tensor network models capturing bulk-boundary correspondences.
The AdS/CFT correspondence, a remarkable duality between certain gravitational theories in anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime and quantum field theories with conformal symmetry (CFT), has had a profound effect on the development of theoretical physics in the past two decades. Recently, many connections of AdS/CFT to quantum information theory have been found, in particular by providing gravitationally dual descriptions of various entanglement measures. Understanding these manifestions of AdS/CFT --- or more generally, the conjectured holographic principle encompassing it --- requires the combination of tools from both high-energy theory and quantum information physics. In this cumulative thesis, the convergence between these two fields is approached from two fronts: First, by calculations within the dual gravitational theory, and second, using a tensor network ansatz to describe the quantum states suspected to possess such a gravitational description. In the first approach, using the gravitational side of AdS/CFT, entanglement entropies of complicated 2+1-dimensional excited CFTs are computed, thus showing how the holographic approach provides access to systems previously out of reach of practical methods, while introducing new numerical methods that this approach necessitates. The second approach is given by tensor networks, a highly successful ansatz for computing properties of one- and two-dimensional quantum systems. Efficiently computable classes of tensor networks are tested in their ability to represent simple holographic systems, successfully reproducing both hyperbolic geometrical features as well as critical boundary states. In addition, the general properties of tensor networks on regular hyperbolic tesselations are considered, leading to new connections to models not previously considered in the context of holography. This interplay of different approaches to quantum information holography showcases the richness of this new field and suggests that a wide range of physical phenomena is accessible via the new tools now at our disposal.
The study of critical quantum many-body systems through conformal field theory (CFT) is one of the pillars of modern quantum physics. Certain CFTs are also understood to be dual to higher-dimensional theories of gravity via the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. To reproduce various features of AdS/CFT, a large number of discrete models based on tensor networks have been proposed. Some recent models, most notably including toy models of holographic quantum error correction, are constructed on regular time-slice discretizations of AdS. In this work, we show that the symmetries of these models are well suited for approximating CFT states, as their geometry enforces a discrete subgroup of conformal symmetries. Based on these symmetries, we introduce the notion of a quasiperiodic conformal field theory (qCFT), a critical theory less restrictive than a full CFT and with characteristic multi-scale quasiperiodicity. We discuss holographic code states and their renormalization group flow as specific implementations of a qCFT with fractional central charges and argue that their behavior generalizes to a large class of existing and future models. Beyond approximating CFT properties, we show that these can be best understood as belonging to a paradigm of discrete holography.
Tensor networks provide a powerful tool for studying many-body quantum systems, particularly making quantum simulations more efficient. In this article, we construct a tensor network representation of the spin network states, which correspond to S U ( 2 ) gauge-invariant discrete field theories. Importantly, the spin network states play a central role in the loop quantum gravity (LQG) approach to the Planck scale physics. Our focus is on the Ising-type spin networks, which provide a basic model of quantum space in LQG. It is shown that the tensor network approach improves the previously introduced methods of constructing quantum circuits for the Ising spin networks by reducing the number of qubits involved. It is also shown that the tensor network approach is convenient for implementing holographic states involving the bulk-boundary conjecture, which contributes to establishing a link between LQG and holographic duality.
Quantum field theory (QFT) is a conceptual framework for understanding the behaviour of subatomic particles-the most successful, mathematically rigorous formulation of QFT is in the language of operator algebras.In this thesis, we describe the construction of specific kinds of QFTs, called gauge theories, using operator-algebraic methods.Once we have described their construction in detail, we use tensor network methods (which are at the centre of modern quantum physics) to build approximations of these QFTs.We finish with a discussion on the relationship between our tensor networks and those used in toy models of the AdS/CFT correspondence. 5.1.2The limit state and the GNS completion . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 An abelian group with a single measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Holographic tensor networks serve as toy models for the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence, capturing many of its essential features in a concrete manner. However, existing holographic tensor network models remain far from a complete theory of quantum gravity. A key obstacle is their discrete structure, which only approximates the semi-classical geometry of gravity in a qualitative sense. In \cite{Lin:2024dho}, it was shown that a network of partial-entanglement-entropy (PEE) threads, which are bulk geodesics with a specific density distribution, generates a perfect tessellation of AdS space. Moreover, such PEE-network tessellations can be constructed for more highly symmetric geometries using the Crofton formula. In this paper, we assign a quantum state to each vertex in the PEE network and develop several holographic tensor network models: (1) the factorized PEE tensor network, which takes the form of a tensor product of EPR pairs; (2) the HaPPY-like PEE tensor network constructed from perfect tensors; and (3) the random PEE tensor network. In all these models, we reproduce the exact Ryu-Takayanagi formula by showing that the minimal number of cuts along a homologous surface in the network exactly equals the area of that surface.