In order to reduce the cost of quantum devices and perform quantum computing better,a multiparty semi-quantum key agreement protocol based on delegating quantum computation mode is proposed.Delegating quantum computation model is introduced.The complicated operations such as unitary operation and Bell measurement are entrusted to the quantum center.Participants only need the simple ability of accessing quantum channel and preparing single photons.In order to prevent key information from being stolen by quantum center or outside attackers,the confusion strategy of inserting confusion single photons into target states is used to keep target states safe.Analysis results show that compared with previously quantum key agreement protocols,the quantum capabilities required by the participants significantly decrease,thus improving the practical feasibility of the protocol.
In order to reduce the cost of quantum devices and perform quantum computing better,a multiparty semi-quantum key agreement protocol based on delegating quantum computation mode is proposed.Delegating quantum computation model is introduced.The complicated operations such as unitary operation and Bell measurement are entrusted to the quantum center.Participants only need the simple ability of accessing quantum channel and preparing single photons.In order to prevent key information from being stolen by quantum center or outside attackers,the confusion strategy of inserting confusion single photons into target states is used to keep target states safe.Analysis results show that compared with previously quantum key agreement protocols,the quantum capabilities required by the participants significantly decrease,thus improving the practical feasibility of the protocol.
Abstract In quantum cloud environment, most application protocols have the problems of using a lot of quantum resources, high communication costs, and inability to check the honesty of cloud server. Therefore, a semi-quantum key agreement protocol based on GHZ-like state with a dishonest delegated measuring center is proposed. In our protocol, the application system consists of a quantum cloud server which only needs to prepare GHZ-like states and distributes all the particles to other participants, a quantum measuring center which performs complicated quantum measurement, such as X-base measurement and Bell measurement, and many classical semi-quantum participants which perform key agreement. Our protocol has many advantages. First, our protocol removes the assumption of honest or semi-honest cloud server because the dishonesty of cloud sever can be checked by delegated measuring center and classical semi-quantum participants. Second, the dishonesty of measuring center can also be found by classical semi-quantum participants through joint measurement. Third, only classical semi-quantum participants can obtain random shared key even if quantum cloud server and measuring center are interested in shared keys. Fourth, a large number of participants may be semi-quantum users which saving a lot of quantum resources. Our protocol is especially suitable for applications such as a large number of classical users arbitrarily performing key agreement in a real cloud environment which only need fewer resources, being easy to implement, and controllable. Security analysis and efficiency analysis show that our protocol can not only effectively resist external and internal attacks, but also resist collusion attack, which is more efficient than similar protocols.
Abstract In quantum cloud environment, most application protocols have the problems of using a lot of quantum resources, high communication costs, and inability to check the honesty of cloud server. Therefore, a semi-quantum key agreement protocol based on GHZ-like state with a dishonest delegated measuring center is proposed. In our protocol, the application system consists of a quantum cloud server which only needs to prepare GHZ-like states and distributes all the particles to other participants, a quantum measuring center which performs complicated quantum measurement, such as X-base measurement and Bell measurement, and many classical semi-quantum participants which perform key agreement. Our protocol has many advantages. First, our protocol removes the assumption of honest or semi-honest cloud server because the dishonesty of cloud sever can be checked by delegated measuring center and classical semi-quantum participants. Second, the dishonesty of measuring center can also be found by classical semi-quantum participants through joint measurement. Third, only classical semi-quantum participants can obtain random shared key even if quantum cloud server and measuring center are interested in shared keys. Fourth, a large number of participants may be semi-quantum users which saving a lot of quantum resources. Our protocol is especially suitable for applications such as a large number of classical users arbitrarily performing key agreement in a real cloud environment which only need fewer resources, being easy to implement, and controllable. Security analysis and efficiency analysis show that our protocol can not only effectively resist external and internal attacks, but also resist collusion attack, which is more efficient than similar protocols.
Abstract The semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) protocol enables classical participants to complete key agreement with limited quantum capabilities. The previous semi-quantum key agreement protocols required the classical party to have the ability to measure qubits, and share a key before the protocol began. This paper proposes a SQKA protocol that allows semi-quantum participants to use single photons for key negotiation with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). Unlike previous approaches, this protocol further reduces the quantum capability requirements for participants and eliminates the need for prior key sharing. Furthermore, through security analysis and multi-party expansion, the protocol can resist external attacks such as the intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack, entangle-measure attack. Additionally, it can be applied to scenarios involving different numbers of participants.
A new efficient two-party semi-quantum key agreement protocol is proposed with high-dimensional single-particle states. Different from the previous semi-quantum key agreement protocols based on the two-level quantum system, the propounded protocol makes use of the advantage of the high-dimensional quantum system, which possesses higher efficiency and better robustness against eavesdropping. Besides, the protocol allows the classical participant to encode the secret key with qudit shifting operations without involving any quantum measurement abilities. The designed semi-quantum key agreement protocol could resist both participant attacks and outsider attacks. Meanwhile, the conjoint analysis of security and efficiency provides an appropriate choice for reference on the dimension of single-particle states and the number of decoy states.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) can generate a shared secret key which is equally negotiated by all the participants in the protocol. In most of the QKA protocols, all the participants require quantum capabilities. But the quantum devices are too expensive for participants. This paper proposes a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol which allows two parties (Alice and Bob) to negotiate a shared secret key equally. In the protocol, Alice can perform any quantum operation, but Bob is a classical participant which can only perform reflection, measurement and reorder operation. Even though Bob has fewer quantum resources, Alice and Bob have an equal contribution to the shared final key, no one can determine the shared key alone. In addition, we demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol. The analysis results show that the proposed protocol not only resists against some common attacks but also assures the fairness property. It is significant for communication participant without enough quantum devices to achieve quantum communication. The proposed protocol can be implemented with present quantum technologies.
Quantum communication networks are connected by various devices to achieve communication or distributed computing for users in remote locations. In order to solve the problem of generating temporary session key for secure communication in optical-ring quantum networks, a quantum key agreement protocol is proposed. In the key agreement protocols, an attacker can impersonate a legal user to participate in the negotiation process and eavesdrop the agreement key easily. This is often overlooked in most quantum key agreement protocols, which makes them insecure in practical implementation. Considering this problem, the function of authenticating the user’s identity is added in the proposed protocol. Combining classical hash function with identity information, we design the authentication operation conforming to the characteristics of quantum search algorithm. In the security analysis of the proposed protocol, quantum state discrimination is utilized to show that the protocol is secure against common attacks and impersonation attack. In addition, only single photons need to be prepared and measured, which makes our protocol feasible with existing technology.