Magnetic flux tubes play a key role in TGD inspired model of quantum biology. Could the networks of magnetic flux tubes containing dark particles with large \hbar in macroscopic quantum states and carrying beams of dark photons define analogs of electric circuits? This would be rather cheap technology since no metal would be needed for wires. Dark photon beams would propagate along the flux tubes representing the analogs of optical cables and make possible communications with maximal signal velocity. I have actually made much more radical proposal in TGD inspired quantum biology. According to this proposal, flux tube connections are dynamical and can be changed by reconnection of two magnetic flux tubes. The signal pathways A→ C and B→ D would be transformed to signal pathways to A→ D and B→ C by reconnection. Reconnection actually represents a basic stringy vertex. The contraction of magnetic flux tubes by a phase transition changing Planck constant could be fundamental in bio-catalysis since it would allow distant molecules connected by flux tubes to find each other in the molecular crowd. DNA as a topological quantum computer is the idea that I have been developing for 5 years or so. I have concentrated on the new physics realization of braids and devoted not much thought to how the quantum computer problems might run in this framework. I was surprised to realize how little I know about what happens in even ordinary computation. Instead of going immediately to Wikipedia I take the risk of publicly making myself fool and try to use my own brain.
Magnetic flux tubes play a key role in TGD inspired model of quantum biology. Could the networks of magnetic flux tubes containing dark particles with large \hbar in macroscopic quantum states and carrying beams of dark photons define analogs of electric circuits? This would be rather cheap technology since no metal would be needed for wires. Dark photon beams would propagate along the flux tubes representing the analogs of optical cables and make possible communications with maximal signal velocity. I have actually made much more radical proposal in TGD inspired quantum biology. According to this proposal, flux tube connections are dynamical and can be changed by reconnection of two magnetic flux tubes. The signal pathways A→ C and B→ D would be transformed to signal pathways to A→ D and B→ C by reconnection. Reconnection actually represents a basic stringy vertex. The contraction of magnetic flux tubes by a phase transition changing Planck constant could be fundamental in bio-catalysis since it would allow distant molecules connected by flux tubes to find each other in the molecular crowd. DNA as a topological quantum computer is the idea that I have been developing for 5 years or so. I have concentrated on the new physics realization of braids and devoted not much thought to how the quantum computer problems might run in this framework. I was surprised to realize how little I know about what happens in even ordinary computation. Instead of going immediately to Wikipedia I take the risk of publicly making myself fool and try to use my own brain.
This article is devoted to the view about DNA inspired by zero energy ontology (ZEO) forming the basis of the quantum measurement theory of Topological Geometrodynamics (TGD) and by the notion of dark DNA inspired by the TGD view about dark matter as phases of the ordinary matter with effective Planck constant heff =nh0 h at magnetic body (MB) - the third key notion distinguishing TGD from standard model. The basic prediction of ZEO is that "big" (ordinary) state function reduction (BSFR) changes the arrow of time meaning "death" and "reincarnation" with opposite arrow of time. This leads to a new view about self-organization. The time reversals of the basic processes like transcription and replication turn out to be possible only for the conjugate (passive) strand - this is basically due to the CPT theorem in TGD context and chiral selection. By chiral selection enzymes can catalyze processes but not their time reversals. For instance, conjugate strand polymerizes in reverse time direction - this looks like depolymerization in standard time direction. Polymerization of the conjugate strand however occurs in standard time direction but in reverse direction along strand. The recombination of DNA strands during meiosis is poorly understood. This could correspond to reconnections for the flux tubes associated with the active DNA strands. Time reversal would occur in BSFR and formerly passive conjugate DNA strands would depolymerize to "loose" codons (not independent letters) by the time reversed polymerization, the flux tubes associated with the formerly active strands would suffer reconnections inducing recombination without assistance of enzymes, second BSFR would occur, and be followed by the replication of recombined active strands. According to the findings of Becker, the direction of the electric field along the body axis determines whether the system is awake or sleeps. By the properties of electric field under time reflection, the arrow of time correlates also with the direction of the electric field. TGD predicts that consciousness is possible even at the level of DNA. Could also DNA have a longitudinal electric field with direction correlating with the arrow of time of DNA at the (magnetic body) MB of DNA. Could there be a switch changing the direction of this electric field? This inspires a model for the DNA as ferroelectret based on the properties of the negatively charged sticky ends of chromosome and dark DNA codons as proton triplets along a magnetic flux tube parallel to DNA strand. A simple proposal for the time switch based on the analog of Becker's DC currents emerges: proton flow of the dark protons of sticky end to the opposite sticky end would change the arrow of time. The model could generalize also to proteins known to be ferro-electrets and could be accompanied also by their dark analogs.
The realization of a quantum computer, after being considered only a wishful thinking for many years, \nlooks now more solid, with the major issues about its realization looking like “engineering problems”, whose \nsolution is not far to be found. \nThe most considerable open problems concerning the realization of a quantum computer concern: the \nsensitivity to external disturbances, the addressability of any single qubit, and the scalability of the proposed \narchitectures. These problems may have opposite solutions, since a good scalability would require high \ndensity of qubits embedded in solid state matrices, making it more difficult to address and protect each of \nthem. Conversely, well separated qubits realized by atoms or ions are easily addressed and protected, but \nmake it more difficult to achieve scalability. \nAnother aspect related to the realization of generic quantum devices (i.e. devices which exploit the \nquantum features of their constituents to realize some operations) is connected to the way one interfaces \nwith them: we live in a “classical world”, and any quantum device will have to interface with it at some \nstage, e.g. to be controlled or measured. The problem, in this case, is keeping our classical disturbances as \nfar as possible from the action taking place at the heart of the quantum device. \nHowever, the problem of being able to find the proper “interface” can be turned into an advantage, \nsince macroscopic systems may posses robustness features which can be exploited for the realization of novel \nquantum devices where the sensitivity problem is much alleviated. A good interface can be thus provided by \nsemi-classical systems, i.e. objects whose nature is intimately quantum, but whose features and behaviour is \nwell framed within a classical description. Any scheme, application or device, where a semi-classical system \ninteracts with some pure quantum object (e.g. a qubit) for realizing a quantum operation, will be referred \nto as hybrid. \nIn this thesis, we have developed the idea of exploiting the robustness features of some non-linear classical \nsystems in order to realize quantum devices where the sensitivity problem is alleviated. Hence, we have \nproposed a hybrid scheme for accomplishing the most basic actions related with the realization of a magnetic- \nbased quantum device, i.e. the control of a qubit state and entanglement generation. In particular, we have \ndeveloped it focusing on magnetic one-dimensional systems, i.e. spin chains, as channels connecting one or \nmore qubits to some external control apparatus. \nThis choice follows from the observation that classical spin chains are non-linear systems which enumerate \nsolitons among their dynamical configurations which are solutions of their equations of motion. In fact, \nsolitons are those particular solutions of non-linear systems which show space-time localization and shape- \ninvariant evolution and are celebrated for their impressive properties of robustness against scattering and \nexternal disturbances. These properties make them suitable candidates for practical purposes. \nWe have considered systems made by one-dimensional discrete lattices hosting, at each lattice site, one \nclassical spin (classical spin chain) or a large-S spin, i.e. a quantum spin characterized by a S-value large \nenough for the spin to be well described by a semi-classical behaviour (large-S spin chain). \nA classical, or a large-S, spin chain (with its solitons) can play the role of the robust partner while \nthe role of the fragile quantum system is played by the qubit, which is the agent of the relevant quantum \noperations in our hybrid quantum device.We have first introduced a method for generating solitons on discrete, classical Heisenberg chains by \napplying a time-dependent magnetic field to one of the chain extremities. The method has been numerically \nchecked, revealing the actual possibility of producing soliton-like dynamical configurations running on the \nspin chain, which resemble the known analytical solitons of the continuous chain if their typical width is \nlarge with respect to the chain spacing. The robustness of the generated solitons has been also tested with \nrespect to thermal noise present in the system. \nWe have then proposed a set-up where the generated soliton acts as a magnetic signal that travels along \nthe chain and eventually reaches a qubit and changes its quantum state. Since any unitary action on a single \nqubit can be represented in terms of a Zeeman interaction lasting for a precise time interval, qubit state \ncontrol is usually assumed to be obtained by applying suitable sequences of external magnetic fields. Indeed, \nfor this particular application, the spin chain needs not to be quantum and the suitable magnetic field is \nprovided by the moving deformation of the uniform chain represented by the magnetic soliton travelling \nalong the chain. Numerical results confirm that solitons are suitable for this task, giving the possibility to \nremotely control the qubit state by an appropriate choice of soliton shape and qubit-chain coupling. \nWe have finally addressed the problem of generating entanglement between distant qubits by introducing \na model where two qubits, distant and non-interacting, are locally coupled with a large-S Heisenberg chain, \nwhose dynamics is assumed to be characterized by the presence of solitons. The aim of this study was to \nverify if, by properly choosing the state of the spin chain, the evolution of such a robust semi-classical system \ncan bring the two qubits from a separable initial state to a non-separable state after a certain amount of \ntime, i.e., if a semi-classical channel could generate entanglement between the two qubits. \nAt variance with the previous application, the spin chain must here be considered, and consequently \ntreated, as a quantum system in order to allow for entanglement generation/transfer, but a suitable approximation \nis needed to solve the chain dynamics, as accounting for the exact evolution of large-S spin chain \nis out of reach, even numerically. This leads us to introduce a particular set of chain states built as product \nof single-spin coherent states which are in one-to-one correspondence with the configurations of the classical \nspin chain and are thus referred to as the semi-classical states of the chain. Being able to solve the evolution \nof the coherent state products, allow us to complete the hybrid scheme for entanglement generation: in \nfact, it is shown that, choosing the chain initial state as a semi-classical state corresponding to a soliton \nconfiguration, the correlations, generated between one qubit and the corresponding spin-S, are efficiently \ntransferred along the chain up to the other qubit, finally leaving the two qubits in an entangled state. \nThe results about the proposed hybrid schemes, showing their effectiveness for remotely controlling qubit \nstates and generating entanglement between distant qubits, encourage further studies opening also new \nperspectives for the realization of novel quantum devices based on the exploitation of the robustness features \nof semi-classical systems.
For years I have been thinking about how quantum computation could be carried out in TGD Universe. There are considerable deviations from the standard view. Zero Energy Ontology (ZEO), weak form of NMP dictating the dynamics of state function reduction, negentropic entanglement (NE), and hierarchy of Planck constants define the basic differences between TGD based and standard quantum measurement theory. TGD suggests also the importance of topological quantum computation (TQC) like processes with braids represented as magnetic flux tubes/strings along them. The natural question that popped in my mind was how NMP and Zero Energy Ontology (ZEO) could affect the existing view about TQC. The outcome was a more precise view about TQC. The basic observation is that the phase transition to dark matter phase reduces dramatically the noise affecting quantum quits. This together with robustness of braiding as TQC program raises excellent hopes about TQC in TGD Universe. The restriction to negentropic space-like entanglement (NE) defined by a unitary matrix is something new but does not seem to have any fatal consequences as the study of Shor's algorithm shows.
The discussions related to ChatGPT, which seems to work too well to be a mere program running in a classical computer, inspired considerations which led to a considerable progress at the level of the TGD based model of nerve pulse. The emerging model, based on zero energy ontology (ZEO), differs drastically from quantum neural networks and suggests a completely new vision of quantum physics based computation in biosystems. A computation allowing variable arrow of time would be in question involving a sequence unitary time evolutions as counterparts of quantum computations for states, which are superpositions of classical computations, followed by "small" state function reductions (SSFRs) as counterparts of weak measurements of quantum optics and of Zeno effect. Also "big" SFRs (BSFRs) changing the arrow of time would be involved. One can ask whether the unexpected success of GPT might involve this kind of transition so that one could say that spirit enters the machine. Besides the outcomes of two chats, I include a more detailed view about what the TGD view of the quantum analog of GPT could be and how its analog could be involved with the sensory perception in the TGD Universe. I also discuss the inverse diffusion process central for the generation of images from their verbal descriptions and ask whether the TGD analogue of the inverse diffusion could be an essential element of also GPT. I will also pose the question whether GPT could involve TGD based quantum physics, that is zero energy ontology (ZEO), in a non-trivial but hidden way. I also ask whether quantum gravitation in the sense of TGD could make possible for the magnetic bodies of Earth and Sun, central in TGD inspired biology, to transform classical computation so that so that statistical determinism would fail and it would be analogous to a sequence of analogs of quantum computations defining a conscious entity. At the level of magnetic body there would be no essential difference between computers and living matter. The highest reported clock frequency of almost 9 GHz is still by a factor of order 1/8 lower than the quantum gravitational Compton frequency of 67 GHz for Earth but below the THz frequency important in living matter. Perhaps a rudimentary consciousness is already possible.
We propose and study systems of coupled atomic wires in a perpendicular synthetic magnetic field as a platform to realize exotic phases of quantum matter. This includes (fractional) quantum Hall states in arrays of many wires inspired by the pioneering work [C. L. Kane et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 036401 (2002)], as well as Meissner phases and vortex phases in double wires. With one continuous and one discrete spatial dimension, the proposed setup naturally complements recently realized discrete counterparts, i.e., the Harper-Hofstadter model and the two-leg flux ladder, respectively. We present both an in-depth theoretical study and a detailed experimental proposal to make the unique properties of the semicontinuous Harper-Hofstadter model accessible with cold-atom experiments. For the minimal setup of a double wire, we explore how a subwavelength spacing of the wires can be implemented. This construction increases the relevant energy scales by at least an order of magnitude compared to ordinary optical lattices, thus rendering subtle many-body phenomena such as Lifshitz transitions in Fermi gases observable in an experimentally realistic parameter regime. For arrays of many wires, we discuss the emergence of Chern bands with readily tunable flatness of the dispersion and show how fractional quantum Hall states can be stabilized in such systems. Using for the creation of optical potentials Laguerre-Gauss beams that carry orbital angular momentum, we detail how the coupled atomic wire setups can be realized in nonplanar geometries such as cylinders, disks, and tori.
Models for topological quantum computation are based on braiding and fusing anyons (quasiparticles of fractional statistics) in (2+1)-D. The anyons that can exist in a physical theory are determined by the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian. In the case that the Hamiltonian undergoes spontaneous symmetry breaking of the full symmetry group G to a finite residual gauge group H, particles are given by representations of the quantum double D(H) of the subgroup. The quasi-triangular Hopf Algebra D(H) is obtained from Drinfeld's quantum double construction applied to the algebra F(H) of functions on the finite group H. A major new contribution of this work is a program written in MAGMA to compute the particles (and their properties - including spin) that can exist in a system with an arbitrary finite residual gauge group, in addition to the braiding and fusion rules for those particles. We compute explicitly the fusion rules for two non-abelian group doubles suggested for universal quantum computation: S3 and A5, and discover some interesting results, subsystems, and symmetries in the tables. SO(3)_4 (the restriction of Chern-Simons theory SU(2)4) and its mirror image are discovered as 3-particle subsystems in the 8-particle S3 quantum double. The tables demonstrate that both S3 and A5 anyons are all Majorana, but this is not the case for all finite groups. In the appendices, the quantum doubles for the remaining nonabelian subgroups of SO(3) - S4, A4, and D4 (the second in the infinite family Dn) - are tabulated and analyzed. In addition, the probabilities of obtaining any given fusion product in quantum computation applications are determined and programmed in MAGMA. Throughout, connections to possible experiments are mentioned.