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Physical Review Letters

η pairing and off-diagonal long-range order in a Hubbard model

Chen Ning Yang

Published Nov 6, 1989• 603 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown in a simple Hubbard model that through a mechanism called \ensuremath{\eta} pairing one can construct many eigenstates of the Hamiltonian possessing off-diagonal long-range order. The intrapair distance is small. It is shown that these eigenstates are metastable and possess an energy gap.
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.63.2144

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Yang's η pairing operator is generalized to explore off-diagonal long-range order in the Hubbard bilayer with an arbitrary chemical potential. With this operator and a constraint condition on annihilation and creation operators, we construct explicitly eigenstates which possess simultaneously three kinds of off-diagonal long-range order, i.e., the intralayer one and the interlayer one for on-site pairing, and that for interlayer nearest-neighbor pairing. As in the simple Hubbard model there is also an SO(4) symmetry, with the generators properly defined. A sufficient condition leads to at least one of the above three kinds of off-diagonal long-range order. A constraint relation among different kinds of off-diagonal long-range order is also given. There exists a triplet of collective modes if the U(1) symmetry of a subgroup is spontaneously broken.
We consider NNN-particle generalizations of $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing states in a chain of NNN-component fermions and show that these states are exact (high-energy) eigenstates of an extended SU(N)\mathrm{SU}(N)SU(N) Hubbard model. We compute the singlet correlation function of the states and find that its behavior is qualitatively different for even and odd NNN. When NNN is even, these states exhibit off-diagonal long-range order in NNN-particle reduced density matrix. On the other hand, when NNN is odd, the correlations decay exponentially with distance in the bulk, but end-to-end correlations do not vanish in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, we prove that these states are the unique ground states of suitably tailored Hamiltonians.
We show how, upon heating the spin degrees of freedom of the Hubbard model to infinite temperature, the symmetries of the system allow the creation of steady states with long-range correlations between η pairs. We induce this heating with either dissipation or periodic driving and evolve the system towards a nonequilibrium steady state, a process which melts all spin order in the system. The steady state is identical in both cases and displays distance-invariant off-diagonal η correlations. These correlations were first recognized in the superconducting eigenstates described in Yang's seminal Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2144 (1989)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2144], which are a subset of our steady states. We show that our results are a consequence of symmetry properties and entirely independent of the microscopic details of the model and the heating mechanism.