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Clusters in Separated Tubes of Tilted Dipoles

Armstrong, Jeremy R., Jensen, Aksel S., Volosniev, Artem G., Zinner, Nikolaj T.

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations — the energies of few-body clusters — is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.

DOI
10.26083/tuprints-00016150

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A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations—the energies of few-body clusters—is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.

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Quantum Monte Carlo study of few-and many-body bose systems in one and two dimensions

G. Guijarro

In this Thesis, we report a detailed study of the ground-state properties of a set of quantum few- and many-body systems by using Quantum Monte Carlo methods. First, we introduced the Variational Monte Carlo and Diffusion Monte Carlo methods, which are the methods used in this Thesis to obtain the properties of the systems. The first systems we studied consist of few-body clusters in one-dimensional Bose-Bose and Bose-Fermi mixtures. Each mixture is formed by two different species with attractive interspecies and repulsive intraspecies contact interactions. For each mixture, we focused on the study of the dimer, tetramer, and hexamer clusters. We calculated their binding energies and unbinding thresholds. Combining these results with a three-body theory, we extracted the three-dimer scattering length close to the dimer-dimer zero crossing. For both mixtures, the three-dimer interaction turns out to be repulsive. 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The results reported in this Thesis show that a dipolar system in a bilayer and multilayer geometries offer stable and highly controllable setups for observing interesting phases of quantum matter, such as halo states, and ultra-dilute liquids and solids. En esta Tesis, presentamos un estudio detallado de las propiedades del estado fundamental de un conjunto de sistemas cuánticos de pocos y muchos cuerpos mediante el uso de los métodos de Monte Carlo Cuántico. Primero, introducimos los métodos de Monte Carlo Variacional y Monte Carlo Difusivo que usamos en esta Tesis para obtener las propiedades de los sistemas. Los primeros sistemas que estudiamos son agregados de pocos cuerpos en mezclas unidimensionales de Bose-Bose y Bose-Fermi. Cada una de las mezclas está formada por dos especies con interacciones atractivas para interespecies y repulsivas para intraespecies. Para cada una de las mezclas nos centramos en el estudio de dímeros, tetrámeros y hexámeros. 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Encontramos que existen tres fases: gas atómico, sólido y gas de cadenas, en una región amplia de los parámetros del sistema. La densidad del sólido disminuye varios órdenes de magnitud a medida que el número de capas en el sistema aumenta. Los resultados reportados en esta Tesis muestran que un sistema de dipolos confinados a una bicapa o multicapa ofrece configuraciones estables y altamente controlables para observar fases interesantes de materia cuántica, como estados

•Dec 21, 2020•1 citation
A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations — the energies of few-body clusters — is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.
A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations—the energies of few-body clusters—is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.
A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations — the energies of few-body clusters — is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.
The research in this dissertation is devoted to few-body bound state physics in experimentally relevant systems of trapped atoms and molecules. First, the complexes of tubes containing dipoles are considered. The tubes are assumed to have zero width such that one-dimensional treatment can be applied. For this setup few-body bound structures are found for different polarization an- gles and dipole strengths by using stochastic variational methods. After that a similar analysis is provided for two-dimensional planes filled with dipolar par- ticles. At the end of the thesis, a system of particles in one-dimensional traps is analyzed assuming that two-body interactions are of zero range. It is shown that such a system is solvable in the limit of infinitely strong repulsion between particles.
We consider one-dimensional tubes containing bosonic polar molecules. The long-range dipole–dipole interactions act both within a single tube and between different tubes. We consider arbitrary values of the externally aligned dipole moments with respect to the symmetry axis of the tubes. The few-body structures in this geometry are determined as a function of polarization angles and dipole strength by using both essentially exact stochastic variational methods and the harmonic approximation. The main focus is on the three-, four- and five-body problems in two or more tubes. Our results indicate that in the weakly coupled limit the intertube interaction is similar to a zero-range term with a suitable rescaled strength. This allows us to address the corresponding many-body physics of the system by constructing a model where bound chains with one molecule in each tube are the effective degrees of freedom. This model can be mapped onto one-dimensional Hamiltonians for which exact solutions are known.
While the zero-temperature properties of harmonically trapped cold few-atom systems have been discussed fairly extensively over the past decade, much less is known about the finite-temperature properties. Working in the canonical ensemble, we characterize small harmonically trapped atomic systems as a function of the temperature using analytical and numerical techniques. We present results for the energetics, structural properties, condensate fraction, superfluid fraction, and superfluid density. Our calculations for the two-body system underline that the condensate and superfluid fractions are distinctly different quantities. Our work demonstrates that the path-integral Monte Carlo method yields reliable results for bosonic and fermionic systems over a wide temperature range, including the regime where the de Broglie wavelength is large, i.e., where the statistics plays an important role. The regime where the Fermi sign problem leads to reasonably large signal-to-noise ratios is mapped out for selected parameter combinations. Our calculations for bosons focus on the unitary regime, where the physics is expected to be governed by the three-body parameter. If the three-body parameter is large compared to the inverse of the harmonic oscillator length, we find that the bosons form a droplet at low temperature and behave approximately like a noninteracting Bose and eventually Boltzmann gas at high temperature. The change of the behavior occurs over a fairly narrow temperature range. A simple model that reproduces the key aspects of the phase-transition-like feature, which can potentially be observed in cold atom Bose gas experiments, is presented.
In this Thesis, we report a detailed study of the ground-state properties of a set of quantum few- and many-body systems by using Quantum Monte Carlo methods. First, we introduced the Variational Monte Carlo and Diffusion Monte Carlo methods, which are the methods used in this Thesis to obtain the properties of the systems. The first systems we studied consist of few-body clusters in one-dimensional Bose-Bose and Bose-Fermi mixtures. Each mixture is formed by two different species with attractive interspecies and repulsive intraspecies contact interactions. For each mixture, we focused on the study of the dimer, tetramer, and hexamer clusters. We calculated their binding energies and unbinding thresholds. Combining these results with a three-body theory, we extracted the three-dimer scattering length close to the dimer-dimer zero crossing. For both mixtures, the three-dimer interaction turns out to be repulsive. Our results constitute a concrete proposal for obtaining a one-dimensional gas with a pure three-body repulsion. The next system analyzed consists of few-body clusters in a two-dimensional Bose-Bose mixture using two types of interactions. The first case corresponds to a bilayer of dipoles aligned perpendicularly to the planes and, in the second, we model the interactions by finite-range Gaussian potentials. We find that all the considered clusters are bound states and that their energies are universal functions of the scattering lengths, for sufficiently large attraction-to-repulsion ratios. Studying the hexamer energy close to the corresponding threshold, we discovered an effective three-dimer repulsion, which can stabilize interesting many-body phases. Once the existence of bound states in the dipolar bilayer has been demonstrated, we investigated whether halos can occur in this system. A halo state is a quantum bound state whose size is much larger than the range of the attractive interaction between the atoms that form it, showing universal ratios between energy and size. For clusters composed from three up to six dipoles, we find two very distinct halo structures. For large interlayer separation, the halo structure is roughly symmetric. However, for the deepest bound clusters and as the clusters approach the threshold, we discover an unusual shape of the halo states, highly anisotropic. Importantly, our results prove the existence of stable halo states composed of up to six particles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that halo states with such a large number of particles have been predicted and observed in a numerical simulation. The next system we studied is a two-dimensional many-body dipolar fluid confined to a bilayer geometry. We calculated the ground-state phase diagram as a function of the density and the separation between layers. Our simulations show that the system undergoes a phase transition from a gas to a stable liquid as the interlayer distance increases. The liquid phase is stable in a wide range of densities and interlayer values. In the final part of this Thesis, we studied a system of dipolar bosons confined to a multilayer geometry formed by equally spaced two-dimensional layers. We calculated the ground-state phase diagram as a function of the density, the separation between layers, and the number of layers. The key result of our study in the dipolar multilayer is the existence of three phases: atomic gas, solid, and gas of chains, in a wide range of the system parameters. Remarkably, we find that the density of the solid phase decreases several orders of magnitude as the number of layers in the system increases. The results reported in this Thesis show that a dipolar system in a bilayer and multilayer geometries offer stable and highly controllable setups for observing interesting phases of quantum matter, such as halo states, and ultra-dilute liquids and solids. En esta Tesis, presentamos un estudio detallado de las propiedades del estado fundamental de un conjunto de sistemas cuánticos de pocos y muchos cuerpos mediante el uso de los métodos de Monte Carlo Cuántico. Primero, introducimos los métodos de Monte Carlo Variacional y Monte Carlo Difusivo que usamos en esta Tesis para obtener las propiedades de los sistemas. Los primeros sistemas que estudiamos son agregados de pocos cuerpos en mezclas unidimensionales de Bose-Bose y Bose-Fermi. Cada una de las mezclas está formada por dos especies con interacciones atractivas para interespecies y repulsivas para intraespecies. Para cada una de las mezclas nos centramos en el estudio de dímeros, tetrámeros y hexámeros. Calculamos las energías de ligadura y los valores umbrales de ruptura de los agregados. Combinando estos resultados con una teoría de tres cuerpos, extrajimos la longitud de dispersión de tres dímeros cerca del punto de ruptura dímero-dímero. Para ambas mezclas la interacción de tres dímeros resulta ser repulsiva. El siguiente sistema analizado son agregados de pocos cuerpos en una mezcla bidimensional de Bose-Bose con dos tipos de interacciones. El primer caso corresponde a una bicapa de dipolos con momentos dipolares orientados perpendicularmente a los planos y, en el segundo, modelamos las interacciones con potenciales gaussianos de rango finito. Encontramos que para relaciones de atracción-repulsión suficientemente grandes todos los agregados considerados son estados ligados y sus energías son funciones universales de las longitudes de dispersión. Estudiando la energía del hexámero cerca del punto umbral correspondiente, descubrimos una repulsión efectiva de tres dímeros, que puede estabilizar fases interesantes de muchos cuerpos. Después de demostrar la existencia de los estados ligados en la bicapa dipolar, investigamos si pueden ocurrir estados de halo en este sistema. Un estado de halo es un estado ligado cuántico cuyo tamaño es mucho mayor que el rango de la interacción atractiva entre los átomos que lo forman. Para agregados compuestos de tres hasta seis dipolos encontramos dos estructuras de halo muy distintas. Para separaciones grandes entre las capas, la estructura de halo es aproximadamente simétrica. Sin embargo, para los estados más ligados y, a medida que los agregados se acercan al punto umbral, descubrimos una estructura de halo inusual, altamente anisotrópica. Nuestros resultados demuestran la existencia de estados de halo estables compuestos de hasta seis dipolos. Hasta donde sabemos, esta es la primera vez que estados de halo con un número tan grande de partículas se predicen y observan en una simulación numérica. Después, estudiamos un fluido bidimensional dipolar de muchos cuerpos confinado a una geometría de bicapa. Calculamos el diagrama de fases del estado fundamental como función de la densidad y de la separación entre las capas. Nuestras simulaciones muestran que en el sistema ocurre una transición de fase, de un gas a un líquido a medida que se incrementa la distancia entre las capas. El líquido es estable en una región amplia de densidades y de la distancia entre las capas. En la parte final de esta Tesis se estudia un sistema de bosones dipolares confinados a una geometría multicapa formada por capas bidimensionales igualmente espaciadas. Calculamos el diagrama de fases del estado fundamental como función de la densidad, la separación entre las capas y el número de capas. Encontramos que existen tres fases: gas atómico, sólido y gas de cadenas, en una región amplia de los parámetros del sistema. La densidad del sólido disminuye varios órdenes de magnitud a medida que el número de capas en el sistema aumenta. Los resultados reportados en esta Tesis muestran que un sistema de dipolos confinados a una bicapa o multicapa ofrece configuraciones estables y altamente controlables para observar fases interesantes de materia cuántica, como estados