Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Taylor & Francis eBooks

Beyond the quantum paradox : probability riddles ... quantum riddles ... other riddles ...

Lazar Mayants

Published Jan 1, 1994• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The cat paradox a little about paradoxes more about Schrodinger's cat what is probability? concrete objects classes of concrete objects abstract objects the key principle Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen's (EPR's) paradox angular momentum and spin Bohm's paradox polarization of photons aspect's experiment a short stop for reflections properties of concrete human beings mutual understanding an individual and society social sciences, utopias and doctrines how reliable is a poll? probabilities revisited states and beyond what is quantum physics? the Schrodinger equation - its origin and meaning what is a particle? Is it a corpuscle, a wave, or both? the double-slit Gedankenexperiment - what does it prove? Wheeler's delayed choice experiment a brief discussion of the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is the world real? the mystery of the photon.

Related papers

Quantum jumps

Tony Hey, Patrick Walters

We always have had a great deal of difficulty in understanding the world view that quantum mechanics represents. At least I do, because I'm an old enough man that I haven't got to the point that this stuff is obvious to me … It has not yet become obvious to me that there is no real problem. I cannot define the real problem, therefore I suspect there is no real problem, but I'm not sure there's no real problem. Richard Feynman Max Born and quantum probabilities In this chapter, we will take a short break from our survey of successful applications of quantum mechanics to take a closer look at the foundations of this great edifice of modern physics. In a sense, we are now disobeying Feynman's warning about the results of the double slit experiment of chapter 1. We shall now ask Feynman's ‘forbidden’ question ‘But how can it be like that?’ Nobody disputes that quantum mechanics has been magnificently successful, enabling us to make correct quantitative calculations of atomic and nuclear effects. But there is a great divergence of opinion about the implications of quantum mechanics for the nature of matter, and indeed, of reality itself. To avoid becoming embroiled in a purely philosophical mire, we will focus on two famous paradoxes. The first of these is the ‘Einstein–Podolsky-Rosen’ paradox, named after its originators Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, and usually abbreviated by the initials ‘EPR’. The second paradox is named after ‘Schrödinger's cat’.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Oct 23, 2003•0 citations

Local realism and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. On concrete new tests

Lawrence S. Bartell

Bohm's spin polarization modification of the paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen has served as the basis for numerous analyses of the roles of hidden variables and Einstein locality in quantum mechanics. The present note points out how corresponding analyses can be carried out on the original formulation of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) in terms of observations of position and momentum. Concrete conceptual experiments are proposed to furnish tangible illustrations of EPR tests of reality, and a position-momentum variant of Bell's inequality is formulated. Implications regarding joint measurements of position and momentum, delayed choice experiments, and superluminal communication are discussed briefly.

Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields•Sep 15, 1980•8 citations

Probability and Schrödinger's Mechanics

David B. Cook

Orientation and Outlook Probabilities: Simple Probabilities A More Careful Look at Probabilities Classical Mechanics: The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation Angular Momentum Schrodinger's Mechanics: Prelude: Particle Diffraction The Genesis of Schrodinger's Mechanics The Schrodinger Equation Identities: Momenta and Dynamical Variables Abstracting the Structure Interpretation from Applications: The Quantum Kepler Problem The Harmonic Oscillator and Fields Perturbation Theory and Epicycles Formalisms and Hidden Variables Disputes and Paradoxes: Measurement at the Microscopic Level Paradoxes Beyond Schrodinger's Mechanics?

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks•Dec 1, 2002•9 citations

The Essentials of Quantum Mechanics

Radhika Vathsan

How do we describe the state of a quantum mechanical physical system in a mathematically precise way? How do we ascribe physical properties to this system? How does the system evolve in time? How do its properties change when it interacts with another system or a force? How do we measure and determine its properties? These are the questions whose answers are encoded in the laws of quantum mechanics to be set down in this chapter. They have been inscribed in this form after nearly half a century of experimental observations, theoretical modeling, and intellectual gymnastics to tie up the two in a satisfactory and robust structure.

CRC Press eBooks•Jul 21, 2015•0 citations

On Wavefunction Collapse, the Einstein-Poldolsky-Rosen Paradox and Measurement in Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory

Stuart Samuel

We first consider the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox for the system of two particles with spin 1/2 with entangled spins in first-quantized quantum mechanics (QM). If measurement is governed by wavefunction collapse, then gedanken experiments show that a number of fundamental principles including conservation of angular momentum and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be violated. We conclude that the collapse of the spin part of the wavefunction cannot happen and therefore an EPR paradox does not arise for this system. QM unitarity alone is sufficient to rule out "spooky" action at a distance. The absence of spin wavefunction collapse leads to several interesting conclusions about how measurement works in QM: When wavefunction collapse does not happen, (i) a signal from a macroscopic measuring device indicating that a system is in a state S does not necessarily mean that it is or was in S and (ii) the uncertainty in QM at the microscopic level is transmitted to uncertainty in signals for the macroscopic measuring device. We derive two general results on how quantum measurement works and illustrate them in a spin-1/2 measurement. In contrast to first-quantized QM, in quantum field theory we are unable to fully rule out the possibility of wavefunction collapse. However, when we insist on unitarity (thereby excluding the possibility of wavefunction collapse) and additionally take into account in the wavefunction all degrees of freedom involved in the measurement (including those of the equipment, experimentalists, etc.), a consistant acceptable understanding of the Bell-inequality-type experiments involving entangled photon polarizations emerges including the absence of an EPR paradox. The ability of an experimentalist to be aware of his perceptions but unable to be conscious of other components of a generalized Schrodinger Cat plays a role in resolving the Measurement Problem.

arXiv:1910.11134•Oct 22, 2019•1 citation

Wave function perturbations propagation in multi-particle systems, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox and entanglement

Isaac Shnaid

Principle of locality means that any local change (perturbation) of the stationary state wave function field propagates with finite speed, and therefore reaches distant regions of the field with time delay. If a one-particle or multi-particle non-relativistic quantum system is initially in a stationary state, and its wave function field is locally perturbed, then perturbed and non-perturbed sub-regions appear in the region. According to Schrodinger equation, borders of the perturbed sub-region propagate with infinite speed, and the perturbation instantaneously affects all infinite region. It means that Schrodinger equation predicts infinite speed of the wave function perturbations propagation. This feature of classical Schrodinger equation is traditionally interpreted as non-locality of quantum mechanics. From physical point of view, such mathematical behavior of Schrodinger equation solutions is questionable because it is difficult to accept that in real world infinite physical objects can instantaneously appear. We introduce a hypothesis that in reality speed of propagation of the perturbed sub-region borders is equal speed of light. On this basis we develop and analyze a finite propagation speed concept for non-relativistic quantum equations. It leads to local interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics consistent with principle of locality and free of local hidden variables. The theory is applied to analysis of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, entanglement and properties of perturbed matter waves. We proved that formulated theory agrees with results of classical experiments on electron matter waves diffraction.

•Jul 9, 2013•0 citations
The cat paradox a little about paradoxes more about Schrodinger's cat what is probability? concrete objects classes of concrete objects abstract objects the key principle Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen's (EPR's) paradox angular momentum and spin Bohm's paradox polarization of photons aspect's experiment a short stop for reflections properties of concrete human beings mutual understanding an individual and society social sciences, utopias and doctrines how reliable is a poll? probabilities revisited states and beyond what is quantum physics? the Schrodinger equation - its origin and meaning what is a particle? Is it a corpuscle, a wave, or both? the double-slit Gedankenexperiment - what does it prove? Wheeler's delayed choice experiment a brief discussion of the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is the world real? the mystery of the photon.
We always have had a great deal of difficulty in understanding the world view that quantum mechanics represents. At least I do, because I'm an old enough man that I haven't got to the point that this stuff is obvious to me … It has not yet become obvious to me that there is no real problem. I cannot define the real problem, therefore I suspect there is no real problem, but I'm not sure there's no real problem. Richard Feynman Max Born and quantum probabilities In this chapter, we will take a short break from our survey of successful applications of quantum mechanics to take a closer look at the foundations of this great edifice of modern physics. In a sense, we are now disobeying Feynman's warning about the results of the double slit experiment of chapter 1. We shall now ask Feynman's ‘forbidden’ question ‘But how can it be like that?’ Nobody disputes that quantum mechanics has been magnificently successful, enabling us to make correct quantitative calculations of atomic and nuclear effects. But there is a great divergence of opinion about the implications of quantum mechanics for the nature of matter, and indeed, of reality itself. To avoid becoming embroiled in a purely philosophical mire, we will focus on two famous paradoxes. The first of these is the ‘Einstein–Podolsky-Rosen’ paradox, named after its originators Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, and usually abbreviated by the initials ‘EPR’. The second paradox is named after ‘Schrödinger's cat’.
Bohm's spin polarization modification of the paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen has served as the basis for numerous analyses of the roles of hidden variables and Einstein locality in quantum mechanics. The present note points out how corresponding analyses can be carried out on the original formulation of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) in terms of observations of position and momentum. Concrete conceptual experiments are proposed to furnish tangible illustrations of EPR tests of reality, and a position-momentum variant of Bell's inequality is formulated. Implications regarding joint measurements of position and momentum, delayed choice experiments, and superluminal communication are discussed briefly.
Orientation and Outlook Probabilities: Simple Probabilities A More Careful Look at Probabilities Classical Mechanics: The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation Angular Momentum Schrodinger's Mechanics: Prelude: Particle Diffraction The Genesis of Schrodinger's Mechanics The Schrodinger Equation Identities: Momenta and Dynamical Variables Abstracting the Structure Interpretation from Applications: The Quantum Kepler Problem The Harmonic Oscillator and Fields Perturbation Theory and Epicycles Formalisms and Hidden Variables Disputes and Paradoxes: Measurement at the Microscopic Level Paradoxes Beyond Schrodinger's Mechanics?
How do we describe the state of a quantum mechanical physical system in a mathematically precise way? How do we ascribe physical properties to this system? How does the system evolve in time? How do its properties change when it interacts with another system or a force? How do we measure and determine its properties? These are the questions whose answers are encoded in the laws of quantum mechanics to be set down in this chapter. They have been inscribed in this form after nearly half a century of experimental observations, theoretical modeling, and intellectual gymnastics to tie up the two in a satisfactory and robust structure.
We first consider the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox for the system of two particles with spin 1/2 with entangled spins in first-quantized quantum mechanics (QM). If measurement is governed by wavefunction collapse, then gedanken experiments show that a number of fundamental principles including conservation of angular momentum and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be violated. We conclude that the collapse of the spin part of the wavefunction cannot happen and therefore an EPR paradox does not arise for this system. QM unitarity alone is sufficient to rule out "spooky" action at a distance. The absence of spin wavefunction collapse leads to several interesting conclusions about how measurement works in QM: When wavefunction collapse does not happen, (i) a signal from a macroscopic measuring device indicating that a system is in a state S does not necessarily mean that it is or was in S and (ii) the uncertainty in QM at the microscopic level is transmitted to uncertainty in signals for the macroscopic measuring device. We derive two general results on how quantum measurement works and illustrate them in a spin-1/2 measurement. In contrast to first-quantized QM, in quantum field theory we are unable to fully rule out the possibility of wavefunction collapse. However, when we insist on unitarity (thereby excluding the possibility of wavefunction collapse) and additionally take into account in the wavefunction all degrees of freedom involved in the measurement (including those of the equipment, experimentalists, etc.), a consistant acceptable understanding of the Bell-inequality-type experiments involving entangled photon polarizations emerges including the absence of an EPR paradox. The ability of an experimentalist to be aware of his perceptions but unable to be conscious of other components of a generalized Schrodinger Cat plays a role in resolving the Measurement Problem.
Principle of locality means that any local change (perturbation) of the stationary state wave function field propagates with finite speed, and therefore reaches distant regions of the field with time delay. If a one-particle or multi-particle non-relativistic quantum system is initially in a stationary state, and its wave function field is locally perturbed, then perturbed and non-perturbed sub-regions appear in the region. According to Schrodinger equation, borders of the perturbed sub-region propagate with infinite speed, and the perturbation instantaneously affects all infinite region. It means that Schrodinger equation predicts infinite speed of the wave function perturbations propagation. This feature of classical Schrodinger equation is traditionally interpreted as non-locality of quantum mechanics. From physical point of view, such mathematical behavior of Schrodinger equation solutions is questionable because it is difficult to accept that in real world infinite physical objects can instantaneously appear. We introduce a hypothesis that in reality speed of propagation of the perturbed sub-region borders is equal speed of light. On this basis we develop and analyze a finite propagation speed concept for non-relativistic quantum equations. It leads to local interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics consistent with principle of locality and free of local hidden variables. The theory is applied to analysis of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, entanglement and properties of perturbed matter waves. We proved that formulated theory agrees with results of classical experiments on electron matter waves diffraction.