In this work, we have analytically studied, by means of the Bogoliubov Variational Principle (BVP), the pure Heisenberg and XY with bond dilution models, both ferromagnetic, classical (continuous spins), anisotropic, three-dimensional and in the presence of a crystalline field. Furthermore, we have shown the equivalence between the BVP and theSelf-Consistent Harmonic Approximation (SCHA) a trial harmonic Hamiltonian. In the study of anisotropic Heisenberg model, the magnetization and phase diagrams are obtained as a function of parameters of the Hamiltonian. Limiting cases, such as the isotropicHeisenberg, XY and Planar Rotor models in two and three dimensions are analyzed and compared to previous results obtained from analytical approximations and Monte Carlo simulations. In the study of anisotropic XY model with bond dilution, we have obtained the critical concentration and compared with the exact result as well as from other approximation methods, besides reviewing the Planar Rotor diluted system as a limitingcase. By showing the equivalence between the BVP and SCHA, we arrive at a system of coupled equations for the variational parameters, which arise by employing the BVP, and the system of coupled equations for the coupling constants that appear employing the SCHA, and we found that such systems are identical.
In this work, we have analytically studied, by means of the Bogoliubov Variational Principle (BVP), the pure Heisenberg and XY with bond dilution models, both ferromagnetic, classical (continuous spins), anisotropic, three-dimensional and in the presence of a crystalline field. Furthermore, we have shown the equivalence between the BVP and theSelf-Consistent Harmonic Approximation (SCHA) a trial harmonic Hamiltonian. In the study of anisotropic Heisenberg model, the magnetization and phase diagrams are obtained as a function of parameters of the Hamiltonian. Limiting cases, such as the isotropicHeisenberg, XY and Planar Rotor models in two and three dimensions are analyzed and compared to previous results obtained from analytical approximations and Monte Carlo simulations. In the study of anisotropic XY model with bond dilution, we have obtained the critical concentration and compared with the exact result as well as from other approximation methods, besides reviewing the Planar Rotor diluted system as a limitingcase. By showing the equivalence between the BVP and SCHA, we arrive at a system of coupled equations for the variational parameters, which arise by employing the BVP, and the system of coupled equations for the coupling constants that appear employing the SCHA, and we found that such systems are identical.
A variational approach based on Bogoliubov inequality for the free energy is employed in order to treat the quantum spin-1 anisotropic ferromagnetic Heisenberg model in the presence of a crystal field. Within the Bogoliubov scheme an improved pair approximation has been used. The temperature-dependent thermodynamic functions have been obtained and provide much better results than the previous simple mean-field scheme. In one dimension, which is still nonintegrable for quantum spin-1, we get the exact results in the classical limit, or near-exact results in the quantum case, for the free energy, magnetization, and quadrupole moment, as well for the transition temperature. In two and three dimensions the corresponding global phase diagrams have been obtained as a function of the parameters of the Hamiltonian. First-order transition lines, second-order transition lines, tricritical and tetracritical points, and critical endpoints have been located through the analysis of the minimum of the Helmholtz free energy and a Landau-like expansion in the approximated free energy. Only first-order quantum transitions have been found at zero temperature. Limiting cases, such as isotropic Heisenberg, Blume-Capel, and Ising models, have been analyzed and compared to previous results obtained from other analytical approaches as well as from Monte Carlo simulations.
The present thesis is focused on the study of the models of Ising and Heisenberg (classical) for ferromagnetism, the theory of phase transitions and the Monte Carlo method as an efficient computational scheme for dealing with these kinds of strongly interacting systems. With the aid of this method, computational simulations were performed for the above mentioned models in 2 and 3 dimensions (2D and 3D) in order to compare these results with the predictions of some theoretical models. The method followed to model these systems is indicated as well as the process for constructing phase diagrams for the main thermodynamic quantities of interest (mean magnetization, mean energy, specific heat, magnetic susceptibility) and their behavior in a vicinity of the critical point is analyzed. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis is carried out to calculate the corresponding critical exponents (_; _; and _) and to prove the phenomenon of universality they fulfill for different types of crystalline structure (3D case) and for the 2 models previously cited (Ising and Heisenberg). The programs written down in C++ that were constructed with the aim of performing the respective simulations are also included. \nKeywords: models of Ising and Heisenberg, ferromagnetism, phase transitions, Monte Carlo method, critical point, critical exponents, universality.
We study the phase diagram of the three-dimensional classical ferromagnetic Heisenberg model with an easy-plane crystalline anisotropy and an easy-axis exchange anisotropy through Monte Carlo simulations. We employ the Metropolis algorithm together with single-histogram techniques in order to characterize the transitions in each region of the phase diagram. Our results reveal, besides the disordered phase, the existence of Ising-like and XY-like ordered phases which are separated by a first-order transition line.
Real space renormalisation group scaling techniques are used to investigate the static critical behaviour of the pure and dilute, classical, anisotropic Heisenberg model. Transfer matrix methods are employed to obtain asymptotically exact expressions for the correlation lengths and susceptibilities of the one-dimensional system. The resulting scaling relationships are combined with an approximate bond moving scheme to treat pure and dilute models in higher dimensionalities. Detailed discussions are given for the dependence of correlation lengths and susceptibilities on temperature, anisotropy and concentration, and fcr the critical temperature on anisotropy and concentration. Particular emphasis is given to the weakly anisotropic system near percolation threshold and comparisons are made between the results of the present analysis and those of neutron-scattering experiments on dilute quasi-two- and three-dimensional systems.
With the variational-cumulant expansion (VCE) method, the critical temperature and spontaneous magnetization of the spatially anisotropic XY model are calculated up to the fourth order. The variational parameter is determined by the complete variational method and the results are compared with both the Monte Carlo results and the self-consistent harmonic approximation (SCHA) results. It is shown that the VCE method can give a better result than the SCHA method when the coupling between adjacent layers is small.
In this thesis we study spin systems in low dimension at zero temperature, analyzing their quantum phase transitions. In particular, we used a variational method and a linear spin wave theory for obtaining the approximate ground state. Firstly, we studied the order-disorder transitions of the quasi-one-dimensional isotropic antiferromagneticHeisenberg model of spin-1=2, dened on a square lattice with exchange interactions between nearest neighbors, J and J0. The latter interaction is responsible for onedimensional or two-dimensional behavior of the model namely, when it is zero and when it has a nonzero value, respectively. We obtained the staggered magnetizations of the antiferromagnetic and collinear antiferromagnetic phases. In the absence of exchange interactions between second neighbors, the collinear antiferromagnetic phase is obtained for J0 < 0. This model in the one-dimensional limit has a critical value for the ratio J0=J, where we have a phase transition of the order-disorder type. We founda critical value J0=J = 0, which corresponds to the value physically expected, and compare our results with the linear spin wave theory, that predicts a nonzero critical value. The variational method is also used in the study of the Heisenberg anisotropic model with frustration induced by the inclusion of exchange interactions between second neighbors J2. We renamed the exchange interactions of the rst neighbors J1 e J0 1 , so this model is known as J1 J0 1 J2. Furthermore, we include in this modelthe exchange anisotropy which follows the x and y components of the spin operators. Thus, the more general Hamiltonian presents the isotropic Heisenberg and Ising model limits for certain values of the anisotropy. With the goal to analyze the real role played by this anisotropy, we distinguish between rst and seconds neighbors by the labels 1and 2, respectively. We analyzed the staggered magnetization and the energies for the antiferromagnetic, collinear antiferromagnetic and quantum paramagnetic phase. From these analyzes, we observed quantum phase transitions for certain values of the exchange anisotropy and frustration parameter, the latter one given by the ratio J2=J1. The global phase diagram was also obtained for the cases where the rst and second neighbor exchange anisotropies are equal and where they dier from each other. In the rst case, we can observe the ordered phases, Néel and collinear antiferromagnetic, and between them a magnetically disordered phase. We checked the existence of a critical endpoint separating the three phases. In the second case, we note that the exchange anisotropy inuences the region of the disordered phase, aecting even the existence of the critical endpoint. Besides presenting, at certain intervals of the anisotropy, a behavior that was not expected a priori. We also analyze the quasi-one-dimensional behavior J01 ! 0, where the shape of the phase diagram is unchanged. We explore the degree of dimer formation via the dimerization parameter for some values of exchange anisotropy and obtain a higher degree of dimerization for the disordered phase in comparison with the ordered phases, as expected. We end this work with a generalization of the rst study without frustration in function only of the exchange anisotropy. As a challenge to the variational method, we study the more general J1 J0 1 J2 modelfor integer spin-1 without the exchange anisotropy and avoiding the unidimensional case. Dierent from what happens in the semi-integer spins case, we did not nd the disordered phase for integer spin S= 1. We note only a rst-order phase transition between the ordered phases. Finally, we return to the frustrated model with exchange anisotropies 1 and 2 to study the model from a perspective of linear spin wavetheory, in order to compare the results with those obtained via the variational method. A detailed analysis was performed based on the comparison between the two methods, which agreed qualitatively in all explored boundaries and even those behaviors that were not expected from the variational method were conrmed by the spin wave theory.This consistency of the results allowed us to get a dierent view of the role played by the exchange anisotropy when dierentiated for rst and second neighbors. If the anisotropies are considered equal they work only as a parameter that carries the model from the isotopic Heisenberg limit to the Ising model. However, when dierent, they promote disorder in the system.