Second-Quantization Representation for Systems of Atoms, Nuclei, and Electrons
Marvin D. Girardeau
A many-atom representation has been derived in which bound atoms or molecules are described by elementary Bose or Fermi operators, the field operators for nuclei and electrons referring only to unbound particles. The Hamiltonian thus obtained contains not only nucleus-nucleus, electron-electron, and nucleus-electron Coulomb interactions, but also atom-atom, atom-nucleus, and atom-electron Coulomb and exchange interactions, including breakup and recombination terms.
Physical Review Letters•Nov 22, 1971•57 citations