Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Coulomb Crystal Studies, Sympathetic Cooling, and Mass Spectrometry Using Laser-Cooled Be+ Ions

U. Fröhlich

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this work, the setup of an experiment aimed at high-precision laser spectroscopy of ultracold molecular hydrogen ions, started at the University of Konstanz in 1999 [1,2], was continued and first results were obtained. In particular, a new linear rf trap and a new trap supply electronics were built, the latter being capable of driving the linear rf trap with a maximum rf amplitude of > 1000V at a frequency of 14.2MHz. This made possible the simultaneous trapping of a large mass range (2u For laser cooling of Be+ ions, doubly resonant sum-frequency generation (DR-SFG) of 313nm laser light was performed between a resonantly frequency-doubled monolithic Nd:Yag laser and a Ti:sapphire laser, emitting at 532 and 760nm wavelength, respectively. An output power of P_UV > 100mW was achieved at 313nm wavelength, with a high spectral purity (rms short-term frequency fluctuations With this experimental setup, sympathetic cooling of N+, BeD+, BeH+, 4He+, HD+, and D+ ions by the laser-cooled Be+ ions was demonstrated, using laser-cooled fluorescence mass spectrometry (LCF-MS) to detect the sympathetically cooled species. Accordingly, sympathetic cooling at a minimum mass ratio of m(H2+)/m(Be+) = 0.22 was shown to be possible with both the sympathetically and laser-cooled ions in a cloud-like state. This points out the incorrectness of the theoretical lower limit m_SC/m_LC = 0.53 which was predicted in Ref.[3]. Here, the subscripts SC and LC denote the sympathetically and the laser-cooled species, respectively. In a further experiment, almost pure Be+ ion plasmas were laser-cooled down to temperatures in the milli-Kelvin range, leading to the crystallization of the Be+ ion plasmas. The outer shapes of different-sized Be+ ion crystals in a fully anisotropic trap potential were compared with the charged fluid predictions, showing good agreement at sufficiently large numbers of Be+ ions. By fitting Voigt profiles to the measured fluorescence signal, a typical temperature T(Be+) of 30mK was estimated for the Be+ ions. Finally, an ultracold sample of 4He+ ions [T(He+) approximately 40mK] was produced for the first time by sympathetic crystallization of the 4He+ ions. This may open up perspectives for the high-precision laser spectroscopy of 4He+ (and 3He+). [1] T.K.W. Boley, Diplomarbeit, Universitat Konstanz (1999) [2] H. Schnitzler, Dissertation, Universitat Konstanz (2001) [3] T. Baba and I. Waki, Appl.Phys.B, 74, 375-382 (2002)

Related papers

A Be+ Ion Trap for H2+ Spectroscopy

Johannes Heinrich

The objective of the project is to perform high-resolution Doppler-free two-photon vibrational spectroscopy of the H2+ molecular ion for accurate electron to proton mass ratio determination. Trapping and laser-cooling of the H2+ ions is necessary. Since H2+ molecular ions cannot be directly laser cooled, a solution is the implementation of sympathetic cooling via a laser cooled Be+ ions. In the first part of this thesis the design and implementation of a linear Paul trap is presented. This trap is suitable to confine H2+ and Be+ ions while allowing good optical access for multiple laser sources and the imaging system. The second part describes a low power, diode based laser system to provide narrow linewidth 626nm light, and a high power, fiber laser based laser system. Subsequently, a bow-tie cavity is presented to frequency double the 626nm light to obtain 313nm light for Be+ Doppler-cooling. In the last part the operational readiness of the trap and the fiber laser based 313nm laser source is demonstrated by the observation of Be+ Coulomb crystals. Electron impact ionization of H2 present in the residual gas allows to observe sympathetic cooling and shows that the developed setup can provide the experimental conditions for precision spectroscopy of H2+.

•Apr 13, 2018•1 citation

Ultra-cold molecules in Coulomb crystals

Bernhard Roth, U. Fröhlich, Andreas Ostendorf +2 more

Ultracold molecular hydrogen (D/sub 2//sup +/) is produced by sympathetic cooling in a linear Paul trap. With this method the translational degrees of freedom of the molecules are cooled by Coulomb interaction with laser-cooled /sup 9/Be/sup +/. This work shows that sympathetic cooling and crystallization is possible down to mass ratios of 0.45. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the mass range for sympathetic cooliing is predicted. By employin a light and a heavy species of laser-cooled ions (/sup 9/Be/sup +/ and e.g. /sup 137/Ba/sup +/) the mass range from 2 to 20 000 amu, i.e. from the simplest molecule to complex proteins, can be sympathetically cooled.

European Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC)•Jan 1, 2003•1 citation

Production of Ultracold Trapped Molecular Hydrogen Ions

P. Blythe, Bernhard Roth, U. Fröhlich +2 more

We have cooled ensembles of the molecular hydrogen ions H2+, H3+, and all their deuterated variants to temperatures of a few mK in a radio frequency trap, by sympathetic cooling with laser-cooled beryllium ions. The molecular ions are embedded in the central regions of Coulomb crystals. Mass spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations were used to accurately characterize the properties of the ultracold multispecies crystals. We demonstrate species-selective purification of multispecies ensembles. These molecules are of fundamental importance as the simplest of all molecules, and have the potential to be used for precision tests of molecular structure theory, tests of Lorentz invariance, and measurements of electron to nuclear mass ratios and their time variation.

Physical Review Letters•Oct 26, 2005•126 citations

Sympathetic cooling of a Be+ ion by a Coulomb crystal of Sr+ ions: a test bed for taming antimatter ions (GBAR)

A. Douillet, D. Drapier, Jean‐Philippe Karr +3 more

The GBAR (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) experiment at CERN, situated on the antiproton decelerator ring (AD), is aimed at investigating the free fall of antihydrogen atoms prepared at rest, as suggested by J. Walz and Th. Hänsch [1]. This experiment employs two trapped ions: one is a Be+ ion cooled via laser, while the other, an Hbar+ ion, undergoes cooling through interactions with the Be+ ion (sympathetic cooling). We are developing a test-bed experiment designed to explore sympathetic cooling of a light ion using a cloud of laser-cooled heavy ions, mimicking the conditions anticipated in the GBAR project [2]. The experimental setup involves the pairing of 88Sr+ (laser-cooled ion) and 9Be+ (sympathetically cooled ion). The choice of these ions offers two advantages: the ability to optically address the 9Be+ ion for thermometry measurements and their mass ratio (88/9 ≈ 9.8) closely resembling that in the GBAR project (9/1). Preliminary experimental results [3] demonstrate sympathetic cooling of 9Be+ ions by laser-cooled 88Sr+ ions, forming a Coulomb crystal. Detection of sympathetically cooled ions relies on analyzing Coulomb crystal images, revealing dark areas where non-laser-cooled Be+ ions reside. Molecular dynamics simulations showed strong spatial segregation for both species, due to their high mass ratios [4]. However, the initial experiment did not include laser addressing of the 9Be+ ions for measuring cooling dynamics and control over the initial energy of Be+ ions. The next stage of the project therefore involves adding the 313nm laser for addressing Be+ ions and utilizing a 2-zone trap to control the initial energy of a single Be+ ion. This will enable us to measure for the first time the capture dynamics of a light ion by a Coulomb crystal and to follow its cooling over several decades (typically from 10000K to mK). We will compare these measurements with numerical simulations [4]. Initially, only Sr+ ions were employed to validate trapping and cooling conditions, characterize photon collection optics, and test ion transport protocols between trapping zones. A method utilizing Doppler recooling was developed to characterize the initial energy of Sr+ ions upon arrival in the target trap. Subsequently, using the Be+ ion cooling laser at 313 nm, it will be possible to cool a single Be+ ion and transport it with controlled kinetic energy to the second trapping zone, already loaded with a Sr+ Coulomb crystal. The kinetic energy loss of the Be+ ion is quantified by measuring laser-induced fluorescence rate at resonance, which produces no laser cooling or heating. Thermalization of the light ion via coulomb interactions will then be studied for different heavy-ion crystal temperatures, shapes and ion numbers.

•Jul 7, 2024•0 citations

Ultracold molecular hydrogen ions in a linear radiofrequency trap: Novel systems for molecular frequency metrology

Bernhard Roth, H. Daerr, Jeroen C. J. Koelemeij +2 more

We have measured the ro-vibrational infrared transition (v = 0, J = 2) → (v = 4, J = 1) in ultracold HD+ molecular ions embedded inside Be+ Coulomb crystals, by 1+1 REMPI spectroscopy. The molecular ions, trapped in a linear radiofrequency trap, were cooled to temperatures of few tens of mK, via sympathetic cooling using laser-cooled Be+ ions. For detection, we have used secular excitation of the HD+ ions to monitor their loss rate. The transition frequency agrees with a theoretical prediction.

European Frequency and Time Forum•Mar 27, 2006•1 citation

Sympathetic cooling and crystallization of ions in a linear Paul trap

Michael Drewsen, Paul David Bowe, Liv Hornekær +3 more

Coulomb crystals, containing up to a few hundred ions of which more than 50% were cooled sympathetically by the Coulomb interaction with laser cooled Mg+ ions, have been produced in a linear Paul trap. By controlling the balance of the radiation pressure from the two cooling lasers, the Coulomb crystals could be segregated according to ion species. Previous studies of ion crystals and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the temperature may be around 10 mK or lower. The obtained results indicate that a wide range of atomic and molecular ions, which due to their internal structures are not amenable to direct laser cooling, can be effectively cooled and localized (crystallized) in linear Paul traps. For high resolution spectroscopy of such ions this may turn out to be very useful.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 1999•0 citations
In this work, the setup of an experiment aimed at high-precision laser spectroscopy of ultracold molecular hydrogen ions, started at the University of Konstanz in 1999 [1,2], was continued and first results were obtained. In particular, a new linear rf trap and a new trap supply electronics were built, the latter being capable of driving the linear rf trap with a maximum rf amplitude of > 1000V at a frequency of 14.2MHz. This made possible the simultaneous trapping of a large mass range (2u For laser cooling of Be+ ions, doubly resonant sum-frequency generation (DR-SFG) of 313nm laser light was performed between a resonantly frequency-doubled monolithic Nd:Yag laser and a Ti:sapphire laser, emitting at 532 and 760nm wavelength, respectively. An output power of P_UV > 100mW was achieved at 313nm wavelength, with a high spectral purity (rms short-term frequency fluctuations With this experimental setup, sympathetic cooling of N+, BeD+, BeH+, 4He+, HD+, and D+ ions by the laser-cooled Be+ ions was demonstrated, using laser-cooled fluorescence mass spectrometry (LCF-MS) to detect the sympathetically cooled species. Accordingly, sympathetic cooling at a minimum mass ratio of m(H2+)/m(Be+) = 0.22 was shown to be possible with both the sympathetically and laser-cooled ions in a cloud-like state. This points out the incorrectness of the theoretical lower limit m_SC/m_LC = 0.53 which was predicted in Ref.[3]. Here, the subscripts SC and LC denote the sympathetically and the laser-cooled species, respectively.
In a further experiment, almost pure Be+ ion plasmas were laser-cooled down to temperatures in the milli-Kelvin range, leading to the crystallization of the Be+ ion plasmas. The outer shapes of different-sized Be+ ion crystals in a fully anisotropic trap potential were compared with the charged fluid predictions, showing good agreement at sufficiently large numbers of Be+ ions. By fitting Voigt profiles to the measured fluorescence signal, a typical temperature T(Be+) of 30mK was estimated for the Be+ ions.
Finally, an ultracold sample of 4He+ ions [T(He+) approximately 40mK] was produced for the first time by sympathetic crystallization of the 4He+ ions. This may open up perspectives for the high-precision laser spectroscopy of 4He+ (and 3He+).
[1] T.K.W. Boley, Diplomarbeit, Universitat Konstanz (1999)
[2] H. Schnitzler, Dissertation, Universitat Konstanz (2001)
[3] T. Baba and I. Waki, Appl.Phys.B, 74, 375-382 (2002)
The objective of the project is to perform high-resolution Doppler-free two-photon vibrational spectroscopy of the H2+ molecular ion for accurate electron to proton mass ratio determination. Trapping and laser-cooling of the H2+ ions is necessary. Since H2+ molecular ions cannot be directly laser cooled, a solution is the implementation of sympathetic cooling via a laser cooled Be+ ions. In the first part of this thesis the design and implementation of a linear Paul trap is presented. This trap is suitable to confine H2+ and Be+ ions while allowing good optical access for multiple laser sources and the imaging system. The second part describes a low power, diode based laser system to provide narrow linewidth 626nm light, and a high power, fiber laser based laser system. Subsequently, a bow-tie cavity is presented to frequency double the 626nm light to obtain 313nm light for Be+ Doppler-cooling. In the last part the operational readiness of the trap and the fiber laser based 313nm laser source is demonstrated by the observation of Be+ Coulomb crystals. Electron impact ionization of H2 present in the residual gas allows to observe sympathetic cooling and shows that the developed setup can provide the experimental conditions for precision spectroscopy of H2+.
Ultracold molecular hydrogen (D/sub 2//sup +/) is produced by sympathetic cooling in a linear Paul trap. With this method the translational degrees of freedom of the molecules are cooled by Coulomb interaction with laser-cooled /sup 9/Be/sup +/. This work shows that sympathetic cooling and crystallization is possible down to mass ratios of 0.45. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the mass range for sympathetic cooliing is predicted. By employin a light and a heavy species of laser-cooled ions (/sup 9/Be/sup +/ and e.g. /sup 137/Ba/sup +/) the mass range from 2 to 20 000 amu, i.e. from the simplest molecule to complex proteins, can be sympathetically cooled.
We have cooled ensembles of the molecular hydrogen ions H2+, H3+, and all their deuterated variants to temperatures of a few mK in a radio frequency trap, by sympathetic cooling with laser-cooled beryllium ions. The molecular ions are embedded in the central regions of Coulomb crystals. Mass spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations were used to accurately characterize the properties of the ultracold multispecies crystals. We demonstrate species-selective purification of multispecies ensembles. These molecules are of fundamental importance as the simplest of all molecules, and have the potential to be used for precision tests of molecular structure theory, tests of Lorentz invariance, and measurements of electron to nuclear mass ratios and their time variation.
The GBAR (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) experiment at CERN, situated on the antiproton decelerator ring (AD), is aimed at investigating the free fall of antihydrogen atoms prepared at rest, as suggested by J. Walz and Th. Hänsch [1]. This experiment employs two trapped ions: one is a Be+ ion cooled via laser, while the other, an Hbar+ ion, undergoes cooling through interactions with the Be+ ion (sympathetic cooling). We are developing a test-bed experiment designed to explore sympathetic cooling of a light ion using a cloud of laser-cooled heavy ions, mimicking the conditions anticipated in the GBAR project [2]. The experimental setup involves the pairing of 88Sr+ (laser-cooled ion) and 9Be+ (sympathetically cooled ion). The choice of these ions offers two advantages: the ability to optically address the 9Be+ ion for thermometry measurements and their mass ratio (88/9 ≈ 9.8) closely resembling that in the GBAR project (9/1). Preliminary experimental results [3] demonstrate sympathetic cooling of 9Be+ ions by laser-cooled 88Sr+ ions, forming a Coulomb crystal. Detection of sympathetically cooled ions relies on analyzing Coulomb crystal images, revealing dark areas where non-laser-cooled Be+ ions reside. Molecular dynamics simulations showed strong spatial segregation for both species, due to their high mass ratios [4]. However, the initial experiment did not include laser addressing of the 9Be+ ions for measuring cooling dynamics and control over the initial energy of Be+ ions. The next stage of the project therefore involves adding the 313nm laser for addressing Be+ ions and utilizing a 2-zone trap to control the initial energy of a single Be+ ion. This will enable us to measure for the first time the capture dynamics of a light ion by a Coulomb crystal and to follow its cooling over several decades (typically from 10000K to mK). We will compare these measurements with numerical simulations [4]. Initially, only Sr+ ions were employed to validate trapping and cooling conditions, characterize photon collection optics, and test ion transport protocols between trapping zones. A method utilizing Doppler recooling was developed to characterize the initial energy of Sr+ ions upon arrival in the target trap. Subsequently, using the Be+ ion cooling laser at 313 nm, it will be possible to cool a single Be+ ion and transport it with controlled kinetic energy to the second trapping zone, already loaded with a Sr+ Coulomb crystal. The kinetic energy loss of the Be+ ion is quantified by measuring laser-induced fluorescence rate at resonance, which produces no laser cooling or heating. Thermalization of the light ion via coulomb interactions will then be studied for different heavy-ion crystal temperatures, shapes and ion numbers.
We have measured the ro-vibrational infrared transition (v = 0, J = 2) → (v = 4, J = 1) in ultracold HD+ molecular ions embedded inside Be+ Coulomb crystals, by 1+1 REMPI spectroscopy. The molecular ions, trapped in a linear radiofrequency trap, were cooled to temperatures of few tens of mK, via sympathetic cooling using laser-cooled Be+ ions. For detection, we have used secular excitation of the HD+ ions to monitor their loss rate. The transition frequency agrees with a theoretical prediction.
Coulomb crystals, containing up to a few hundred ions of which more than 50% were cooled sympathetically by the Coulomb interaction with laser cooled Mg+ ions, have been produced in a linear Paul trap. By controlling the balance of the radiation pressure from the two cooling lasers, the Coulomb crystals could be segregated according to ion species. Previous studies of ion crystals and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the temperature may be around 10 mK or lower. The obtained results indicate that a wide range of atomic and molecular ions, which due to their internal structures are not amenable to direct laser cooling, can be effectively cooled and localized (crystallized) in linear Paul traps. For high resolution spectroscopy of such ions this may turn out to be very useful.