The photon model of the quantum electromagnetic field

André Malz

This article presents a study that provides robust evidence supporting the continuity of the electromagnetic field, while highlighting contradictions between a quantum-mechanical model of the photon and the detection principle of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) measurements.The primary objective was to investigate the detection method of FMCW for extremely weak signals, reaching energy levels akin to photons.Through thorough examination, significant contradictions emerged, favoring classical field theory and challenging the notion of electromagnetic field quantization.To strengthen this claim, a carefully designed experiment was conducted to measure sub-photon energy levels.The comprehensive analysis of both theoretical insights and experimental data presents compelling evidence, demonstrating the untenability of a quantized model for the electromagnetic field.These findings have profound implications for understanding the continuity of the electromagnetic field, prompting further exploration in this field of research.

Klaus Fredenhagen

Iwo Białynicki‐Birula, Zofia Białynicka-Birula

Werner A. Hofer

Conventionally, one interprets the correlations observed in Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments by Bell's inequalities and quantum nonlocality. We show, in this paper, that identical correlations arise, if the phase relations of electromagnetic fields are considered. In particular, we proceed from an analysis of a one-photon model. The correlation probability in this case contains a phase relation cos(b - a) between the two settings. In the two photon model the phases of the photon's electromagnetic fields are related at the origin. It is shown that this relation can be translated into a linearity requirement for electromagnetic fields between the two polarizers. Along these lines we compute the correlation integral with an expression conserving linearity. This expression, as shown, correctly describes the measured values. It seems thus that quantum nonlocality can be seen as a combination of boundary conditions on possible electromagnetic fields between the polarizers and a relation of the electromagnetic fields of the two photons via a phase. We expect the same feature to arise in every experiment, where joint probabilities of separate polarization measurements are determined.

Krishna Thyagarajan

Hristo Tonchev

This paper describes two cases of interaction between a quantized electromagnetic field and two different XY spin molecules; one with spins ½, and the other with spins 1. Both interact with a quantized electromagnetic field, with one of the spins in the chain interacting with the electromagnetic field. The interaction between the field mode and the spin chain with spins 1 is described by the one- and two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model (JC model). On the other hand, the interaction between the spins ½ and the electromagnetic field is described only by the one-photon Jaynes-Cummings model. Analytical and numerical calculations were made for the case of a different number of photons in the field mode, a different number of spins, and a different position of spin, interacting with the electromagnetic field. The invariant and block structures of such a chain are shown with a comparison made between the evolution of the magnetic moment and the number of photons in both cases.