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Classes of High-Performance Quantum LDPC Codes From Finte Projective Geometries

Jacob Farinholt

Published Oct 5, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Due to their fast decoding algorithms, quantum generalizations of low-density parity check, or LDPC, codes have been invesitgated as a solution to the problem of decoherence in fragile quantum states [1, 2]. However, the additional twisted inner product requirements of quantum stabilizer codes force four-cycles and eliminate the possibility of randomly generated quantum LDPC codes. Moreover, the classes of quantum LDPC codes discovered thus far generally have unknown or small minimum distance, or a fixed rate (see [3, 4] and references therin). This paper presents several new classes of quantum LDPC codes constructed from finite projective planes. These codes have rates that increase with the block length n and minimum weights proportional to n1=2. For the sake of completeness, we include an introduction to classical error correction and LDPC codes, and provide a review of quantum communication, quantum stabilizer codes, and finite projective geometry.

DOI
10.13021/mars/7228

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Due to their fast decoding algorithms, quantum generalizations of low-density parity check, or LDPC, codes have been invesitgated as a solution to the problem of decoherence in fragile quantum states [1, 2]. However, the additional twisted inner product requirements of quantum stabilizer codes force four-cycles and eliminate the possibility of randomly generated quantum LDPC codes. Moreover, the classes of quantum LDPC codes discovered thus far generally have unknown or small minimum distance, or a fixed rate (see [3, 4] and references therin). This paper presents several new classes of quantum LDPC codes constructed from finite projective planes. These codes have rates that increase with the block length n and minimum weights proportional to n1=2. For the sake of completeness, we include an introduction to classical error correction and LDPC codes, and provide a review of quantum communication, quantum stabilizer codes, and finite projective geometry.
Due to their fast decoding algorithms, quantum generalizations of low-density parity check, or LDPC, codes have been investigated as a solution to the problem of decoherence in fragile quantum states. However, the additional twisted inner product requirements of quantum stabilizer codes force four-cycles and eliminate the possibility of randomly generated quantum LDPC codes. Moreover, the classes of quantum LDPC codes discovered thus far generally have unknown or small minimum distance, or a fixed rate. This paper presents several new classes of quantum LDPC codes constructed from finite projective planes. These codes have rates that increase with the block length nnn and minimum weights proportional to n1/2n^{1/2}n1/2.
Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes are a significant class of classical codes with many applications. Several good LDPC codes have been constructed using random, algebraic, and finite geometries approaches, with containing cycles of length at least six in their Tanner graphs. However, it is impossible to design a self-orthogonal parity check matrix of an LDPC code without introducing cycles of length four. In this paper, a new class of quantum LDPC codes based on lines and points of finite geometries is constructed. The parity check matrices of these codes are adapted to be self- orthogonal with containing only one cycle of length four in each pair of two rows. Also, the column and row weights, and bounds on the minimum distance of these codes are given. As a consequence, these codes can be encoded using shift-register encoding algorithms and can be decoded using iterative decoding algorithms over various quantum depolarizing channels.
This paper presents a geometric approach to the construction of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Four classes of LDPC codes are constructed based on the lines and points of Euclidean and projective geometries over finite fields. Codes of these four classes have good minimum distances and their Tanner (1981) graphs have girth 6. Finite-geometry LDPC codes can be decoded in various ways, ranging from low to high decoding complexity and from reasonably good to very good performance. They perform very well with iterative decoding. Furthermore, they can be put in either cyclic or quasi-cyclic form. Consequently, their encoding can be achieved in linear time and implemented with simple feedback shift registers. This advantage is not shared by other LDPC codes in general and is important in practice. Finite-geometry LDPC codes can be extended and shortened in various ways to obtain other good LDPC codes. Several techniques of extension and shortening are presented. Long extended finite-geometry LDPC codes have been constructed and they achieve a performance only a few tenths of a decibel away from the Shannon theoretical limit with iterative decoding.
Low density parity check (LDPC) codes with iterative decoding based on belief propagation achieve astonishing error performance close to Shannon limit. No algebraic or geometric method for constructing these codes has been reported and they are largely generated by computer search. As a result, encoding of long LDPC codes is in general very complex. This paper presents two classes of high rate LDPC codes whose constructions are based on finite Euclidean and projective geometries, respectively. These classes of codes a.re cyclic and have good constraint parameters and minimum distances. Cyclic structure adows the use of linear feedback shift registers for encoding. These finite geometry LDPC codes achieve very good error performance with either soft-decision iterative decoding based on belief propagation or Gallager's hard-decision bit flipping algorithm. These codes can be punctured or extended to obtain other good LDPC codes. A generalization of these codes is also presented.
For designing low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for quantum error-correction, we desire to satisfy the conflicting requirements below simultaneously. 1) The row weights of parity-check “should be large”: The minimum distances are bounded above by the minimum row weights of parity-check matrices of constituent classical codes. Small minimum distance tends to result in poor decoding performance at the error-floor region. 2) The row weights of parity-check matrices “should not be large”: The performance of the sum-product decoding algorithm at the water-fall region is degraded as the row weight increases. Recently, Kudekar et al. showed spatially-coupled (SC) LDPC codes exhibit capacity-achieving performance for classical channels. SC LDPC codes have both large row weight and capacity-achieving error-floor and water-fall performance. In this paper, we propose a new class of quantum LDPC codes based on spatially coupled quasi-cyclic LDPC codes. The performance outperforms that of quantum “non-coupled” quasi-cyclic LDPC codes.
Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes are an important class of codes with many applications. Two algebraic methods for constructing regular LDPC codes are derived -- one based on nonprimitive narrow-sense BCH codes and the other directly based on cyclotomic cosets. The constructed codes have high rates and are free of cycles of length four; consequently, they can be decoded using standard iterative decoding algorithms. The exact dimension and bounds for the minimum distance and stopping distance are derived. These constructed codes can be used to derive quantum error-correcting codes.