This pedagogical monograph describes some of the fundamental views of the laws of physics. The derivations are, however, obtained from a rather unconventional point of view. The Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are derived without mentioning the phenomenon of light, and the de Broglie relations in the wave-corpuscle parallelism are derived without the help of Planck's constant. By the use of Schrodinger's idea of quantization as an eigenvalue problem, the foundations of wave mechanics are discussed as a mathematical problem without reference to Planck's constant. Finally, the Kepler problem in the special theory of relativity is studied starting from the energy law, and the applications to the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar indicate that more data about the unseen companion are needed before the interpretation of the present data may be taken as the ultimate proof of the validity of the general theory of relativity.
This pedagogical monograph describes some of the fundamental views of the laws of physics. The derivations are, however, obtained from a rather unconventional point of view. The Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are derived without mentioning the phenomenon of light, and the de Broglie relations in the wave-corpuscle parallelism are derived without the help of Planck's constant. By the use of Schrodinger's idea of quantization as an eigenvalue problem, the foundations of wave mechanics are discussed as a mathematical problem without reference to Planck's constant. Finally, the Kepler problem in the special theory of relativity is studied starting from the energy law, and the applications to the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar indicate that more data about the unseen companion are needed before the interpretation of the present data may be taken as the ultimate proof of the validity of the general theory of relativity.
This pedagogical monograph describes some of the fundamental laws of physics. The derivations are, however, obtained from a rather unconventional point of view. The Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are derived without mentioning the phenomenon of light, and the de Broglie relations in the wave-corpuscle parallelism are derived without the help of Planck's constant. By the use of Schrödinger's idea of "quantization as an eigenvalue problem", the foundations of wave mechanics are discussed as a mathematical problem without reference to Planck's constant. Finally, the
The laws of physics were not handed down from above. Neither are they rules somehow built into the structure of the universe. They are ingredients of the models that physicists invent to describe observations. Rather than being restrictions on the behavior of matter, the laws of physics are restrictions on the behavior of physicists. If the models of physics are to describe observations based on an objective reality, then those models cannot depend on the point of view of the observer. This suggests a principle of point-of-view invariance that is equivalent to the principle of covariance when applied to space-time. As Noether showed, space-time symmetries lead to the principles of energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum conservation--essentially all of classical mechanics. It also leads to Lorentz invariance and special relativity. When generalized to the abstract space of functions such as the quantum state vector, point-of-view invariance is identified with gauge invariance. Quantum mechanics is then just the mathematics of gauge transformations with no additional assumptions needed to obtain its rules, including the superposition and uncertainty principles. The conservation and quantization of electric charge follow from global gauge invariance. The electromagnetic force is introduced to preserve local gauge invariance. Although not discussed here, the other forces in the standard model of elementary particles are also fields introduced to preserve local gauge invariance. Gravity can also be viewed as such a field. Thus practically all of fundamental physics as we know it follows directly from the single principle of point-of-view invariance.
A Schrödinger type equation for a mathematical probability amplitude ψ(x,t), is derived from the generalized phase space Liouville equation valid for the motion of a microscopic particle, with mass M, moving in a potential V(x). The particle phase space probability density is denoted W(x,p,t) and the entire system is immersed in the "vacuum" zero-point electromagnetic radiation . We show that the generalized Liouville equation is reduced to a non-quantized Liouville equation in the equilibrium limit where the small radiative corrections cancel each other approximately. Our derivation will be based on a simple Fourier transform of the non-quantized phase space probability distribution W(x,p,t). For convenience, we introduce in this Fourier transform an auxiliary constant α, with dimension of action, and an auxiliary coordinate denoted by y. We shall prove that α is equal to the Planck's constant present in the momentum operator of the Schrödinger equation. Moreover, we shall show that this momentum operator is deeply related with the ubiquitous zero-point electromagnetic radiation. It is also important to say that we do not assume that the mathematical amplitude ψ(x,t) is a de Broglie matter-wave, in other words, the wave-particle duality hypothesis is not used within our work. The implications of our study for the standard interpretation of the photoelectric effect is discussed by considering the main characteristics of the phenomenon. We also mention, briefly, the effects of the zero-point radiation in the tunnelling phenomenon and in the Compton's effect.
This book examines the foundational consistency of quantum mechanics incorporated within relativistic frameworks. Quantum physics remains a perplexing formalism that, although very successful in explaining physical phenomena, poses many philosophical and interpretational questions. Several of the subtleties of quantum physics become more manifest when quantum processes are described using relativistic dynamics. For instance, the successful connection of spin to quantum statistics is a consequence of the consistent incorporation of special relativity into the quantum formalism. There should be similar profound explanations awaiting discovery as gravitating phenomena are successfully incorporated into quantum formulations. The common theme of this manuscript is the examination of the incorporation of relativistic behaviors upon the foundations of quantum physics. The approach is to keep all formulations as close to observed phenomena as possible, rather than to present a set of speculative models whose primary motivations are internal aesthetics. In the search for the most elegant models of physical phenomena, one must recognize that at its core, physics is an experimental science. The dimensional analysis of fundamental units, taught at the very beginning of introductory physics classes, demonstrates that phenomenology lies at the foundations of physics. Fundamental ideas such as correspondence, the principle of relativity, and complementarity provide direct contact with the physics used to guide this exploration. This manuscript is an elaboration and expansion on previously published work, but also contains some new material.
During the past two or three centuries western philosophy and science have confirmed each other in their ontological attitude towards external reality. The particular opinion that physical objects have an existence completely independent of observation was established as the necessary basis for all scientific investigation. The discovery in quantum physics that the phenomena ultimately constituting the stability of the material world cannot be separated from the instruments of observation was necessarily felt disastrous to the scientific world-picture, and many philosophers and scientists, including celebrated physicists, are still trying by all means to save ontology in quantum physics. The motive power behind this activity is the belief that the objectivity of science can be maintained only if the elementary particles of matter can be objectified in the usual way. The present chapter deals with the fundamental conditions in quantum physics which entail a complete breakdown of the conceptual frame of classical mechanics
In Hawking’s view physics has been broken up into many partial theories, while the ultimate goal of physicists is to unify them. The two basic theories of 20th-century physics, relativity theory and quantum theory, are based on completely different logical prerequisites and exactly separate: matter is described as particles in relativity theory and as waves in quantum mechanics. Here, based on the identical logical prerequisites, we unify Einstein’s special relativity (SR) and de Broglie’s matter-wave theory (MWT) into the theory of dualistic relativity (DR), taking a significant step toward the unification of relativity and quantum mechanics. From the definition of time, we derive the Lorentz transformation in differential form and establish the theory of DR, which generalizes the wave-particle duality of matter motion, and uniformly derives Einstein’s formula E=mc2, Planck’s equation E=hf, and de Broglie’s relation λ=h/p. From the logical prerequisite completely different from Einstein’s hypothesis of the invariance of light speed and along the logical path completely different from Einstein’s SR, we have deduced the whole theoretical system of Einstein’s SR and de Broglie’s MWT. In the theory of DR, the two great formulae originally separated, Einstein’s formula E=mc2 and Planck’s equation E=hf, become a pair of twin formulae unified in an identical theoretical system.