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WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks

Einstein, Physics and Reality

Jagdish Mehra

Published Jan 1, 1999• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Non-Einsteinian Quantum Theory crisis in theoretical physics letters on wave mechanics epistemological discussions with Einstein - does quantum mechanics describe reality correctly? is the quantum-theoretical description of nature complete? does God play dice? Mach Contra Kant - aspects of the development of Einstein's natural philosophy.

DOI
10.1142/9789812386434

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WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks•Apr 1, 1998•2 citations
The Non-Einsteinian Quantum Theory crisis in theoretical physics letters on wave mechanics epistemological discussions with Einstein - does quantum mechanics describe reality correctly? is the quantum-theoretical description of nature complete? does God play dice? Mach Contra Kant - aspects of the development of Einstein's natural philosophy.
This paper deals with the development of, and the current discussion about, the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The following topics are discussed: 1. The Copenhagen Interpretation, 2. Formal Problems of Quantum Mechanics, 3. Process of Measurement and the Equation of Motion, 4. Macroscopic Level of Description, 5. Search for Hidden Variables, 6. The Notion of “Reality” and Epistemology of Quantum Mechanics, 7. Quantum Mechanics and the Explanation of Life. The Bohr-Einstein dialogue on the validity of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality lasted over two decades. Since the early nineteen fifties, Wiper has provided much of the point and counterpoint of the continuing discussion on the interpretation and epistemology of quantum mechanics. We have explored Wiper's views in some detail against the background of historical development and current debate.
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen published their thought experiment I a paper entitled, “Can Quantum – Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be considered complete?”. At that time, Bohr, Heisenberg, and the proponents of the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics, were saying that Quantum theory is a complete and the last theory in physics event though it does not provide any picture of the world separate from our observations of it. The message Einstein conveyed to his colleagues was that the quantum theory is not a “complete” theory because it does not describe certain important aspects of reality which are physically real event if they are not observed. In sympathy with Einstein's position, this paper argues that, the real nature of physical reality cannot be explained “at once” by a single theory. Reality is still unfolding and a new theory that will surpass the predictive ability of Quantum Mechanics will soon emerge. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp.14-19
Based on a thought experiment the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper’s authors concluded that in quantum mechanics the mathematical objects called wave functions fail to describe the physical reality and consequently quantum theory is incomplete. They left open the question of whether or not a complete description of the physical reality exists, but expressed their belief that such a complete theory is possible. In this paper I show that indeed a theory that gives a complete description of the physical reality exists.
Einstein's arguments concerning the interpretation of quantum mechanics are reviewed and contrasted with certain misconceptions regarding his attitude toward the theory. He considered Born's statistical interpretation to be the only satisfactory one, and he was not a supporter of hidden-variable theories such as that of Bohm. His criticism of the interpretation accepted, at least tacitly, by many physicists was that the quantum state function does not provide a description of an individual system but rather of an ensemble of similar systems. This criticism was not based merely upon his famous remark that God does not play dice, but upon some definite physical arguments which did not assume determinism.
It is known that there was a disagreement between Bohr and Einstein about the nature of the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. In 1949, in the work "Remarks on Articles," Einstein clearly expressed his thoughts on this issue. He wrote: "All this discussion was needed only to clarify the following. By attempting to defend the thesis that statistical quantum theory can in principle give a complete description of individual systems, we come to highly improbable theoretical concepts. On the other hand, the aforementioned interpretive difficulties of the theory disappear if quantum-theoretical descriptions are considered as descriptions of ensembles of systems".