Mathematics

Quantum Private Array Content Comparison Based on Multi-Qubit Swap Test

Min Hou, Yue Wu, Shibin Zhang

Published Nov 28, 2025• 1 citation

Abstract

Current private comparison schemes primarily focus on comparing single secret integers using quantum technologies, while the area of private array content comparison remains relatively unexplored. To bridge this gap, we introduce a quantum private array content comparison (QPACC) scheme based on multi-qubit swap test. This scheme integrates rotation operation, quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE), and multi-qubit swap test to facilitate the equality comparison of array contents while ensuring their confidentiality. In our approach, participants encode their array elements into the phases of quantum states using rotation operations, which are then encrypted via QHE. These encrypted quantum states are sent to a semi-honest third party (TP) who decrypts the encoded quantum states and computes the modulus squared sum of the inner products of these decoded quantum states using the multi-qubit swap test, thereby determining the equality relationship of the array contents. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme, we conduct a case simulation using IBM Qiskit. Security analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is resistant to quantum attacks (including intercept-resend, entangle-measure, and quantum Trojan horse attacks) from outsider eavesdroppers and attempts by curious participants.

DOI: 10.3390/math13233827

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