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IEEE Optoelectronics Global Conference (OGC)

Characterization of Solitons Using Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference

Ji Liu, Yunru Fan, Yong Geng, Hai‐Zhi Song, You Wang, Hao Li, Lixing You, Heng Zhou, Kun Qiu, Guang‐Can Guo, Qiang Zhou

Published Sep 9, 2025• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the characterization of two- and three-soliton generated in microring resonator (MRR) using the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference. In the experiment, the multi-soliton pulses are input into a HOM interferometer, and the coincidence counts are recorded with respect to the relative time delay. Our results provide a new approach for investigating temporal properties of MRR-based frequency combs.

DOI
10.1109/ogc66041.2025.11262121

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We demonstrate the characterization of two- and three-soliton generated in microring resonator (MRR) using the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference. In the experiment, the multi-soliton pulses are input into a HOM interferometer, and the coincidence counts are recorded with respect to the relative time delay. Our results provide a new approach for investigating temporal properties of MRR-based frequency combs.
Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators underpin chip-scale frequency combs with applications ranging from coherent telecommunications to precision spectroscopy. Yet the characterization of their intrinsic femtosecond temporal structure remains challenging, as the low pulse energy and broad spectral bandwidth necessitate optical amplification and careful dispersion compensation in conventional ultrafast diagnostics, both of which can significantly distort the waveform. Here we demonstrate a quantum-interference metrology of microcomb solitons based on Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. By attenuating the soliton stream to the single-photon level and measuring fourth-order interference, we directly retrieve near transform-limited pulse durations without amplification or dispersion management, remaining accurate even after propagation through 25 km of standard fiber. The same interferogram also provides direct access to the temporal separations in multi-soliton states by converting inter-soliton separations into additional interference dips at corresponding delays, enabling sub-picosecond characterization of their intracavity temporal structure. This quantum-inspired paradigm introduces a fundamentally new metrological approach that is immune to amplification and dispersion distortions, offering a powerful tool for the characterization of complex soliton physics.
We theoretically extend the original Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interferometer to three parameters by concatenating 50:50 beam splitters with three independent and adjustable time delays. The coincidence probability of such an interferometer is obtained based on the linear transformation of the beam splitter matrix. We present a comprehensive analysis of the interference characteristics of the interferometer at different time delays with various types of frequency-correlated resources and input states. It is found that by properly setting the time delays, one can obtain typical interferograms that include multiple sub-interferograms associated with one- and two-parameter HOM interferometers, revealing richer and more complicated two-photon interference phenomena. In particular, additional enhancements of the interference signal at a specific delay can be achieved, and the symmetry of the interferograms on both sides can also be changed. This work provides comprehensive insights into the interference characteristics of the three-parameter HOM interferometer and enables the simultaneous optimal estimation of multiple time-delay parameters within a single interferometer, which holds potential for applications in multiparameter estimation and quantum metrology.
We investigate the effect of backscattering on the Hong-Ou-Mandel manifold (HOMM) that manifests in double-bus micro-ring resonators (MRRs). The HOMM represents higher-dimensional parameter solutions for the complete destructive interference of coincident detection in the HOM effect. To model the backscattering, we introduce a set of internal ‘beam splitters’ inside the ring that allow photons to ‘reflect’ into new counterpropagating modes inside the MRR. We find that the one-dimensional HOMM in MRRs investigated here is extremely robust against deterioration due to backscattering, even in a linear chain of identical MRRs. Further we find that a small amount of backscattering introduced into a chain of non-identical MRRs connected in parallel could be desirable, causing them to behave more like chain of identical MRRs.