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Physical Communication

Performance analysis of covert communication in the presence of intelligent eavesdroppers

Yinuo Zhao, Enyu Li, Xiaofei Zhai, Weidong Yao, Tonghao Wang

Published Nov 24, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102927

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Covert communication enforces the transmitted signal to be indistinguishable from other signals under wireless environment, making it difficult for an eavesdropper to detect and intercept the message. The most common approach within covert systems is the augmentation of artificial noise (AN), ensuring reliable transmission. However, this strategy becomes problematic when the eavesdropper's position is uncertain, as continuous amplification of interference power can precipitate a substantial decline in covert communication capacity. In this paper, we investigate the covert communication between legitimate transmitter (i.e., Alice) and full duplex receiver (i.e., Bob) in the presence of the location uncertainties of the eavesdropper (i.e., Willie). We first derive the sufficient condition for achieving covert communication through robustness analysis. Then, we derive the effective throughput to measure the covert communication capacity. Afterward, by using joint optimization technology, the optimal AN power of Bob and the number of antennas for Alice are jointly designed to maximize the effective throughput subject to a covertness constraint. Theoretical analysis indicates that reducing the AN power while increasing the number of antennas helps to improve the system capacity, the effective throughput between Alice and Bob is inversely proportional to the distance between them. Finally, the validity of our analytical approach is corroborated by simulation results.
Covert communication and physical layer security (PLS) have emerged as two essential pillars for safeguarding wireless networks against increasingly sophisticated eavesdropping and surveillance threats. This paper investigates a downlink hybrid power–frequency multiple access (HPMA) system aided by a friendly jammer, where a single source communicates with two legitimate users in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. By jointly exploiting the power and frequency domains, the proposed HPMA scheme achieves clear advantages in terms of covertness and secrecy performance compared to conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes. For performance analysis, we derive closed-form and approximated expressions for key metrics, including detection error probability (DEP), secrecy outage probability (SOP), effective secrecy throughput (EST), and average secrecy capacity (ASC), which reveal important trade-offs among resource allocation, jammer power, and secrecy reliability. To further reduce the computational burden of conventional analysis, a regression-based deep neural network (DNN) framework is developed to efficiently predict the secrecy performance of the considered system. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations validate the analytical results and confirm the superiority of the proposed HPMA scheme with friendly jamming. These findings provide useful insights for the design of future secure and covert wireless systems with low-complexity and intelligent physical-layer security requirements.
We study covert communications over binary-input discrete memoryless alarm two-way channels, in which two users interact through a two-way channel and attempt to hide the presence of their communication from an eavesdropping receiver. The alarm two-way channel is one in which simultaneous transmissions by both users trigger an alarm at the eavesdropper, which captures the challenges and opportunities of cooperation beyond interference management. In particular, by characterizing the covert capacity region of two-way channels when using public time sharing, we show how cooperation strictly improves achievable covert communication throughputs. While our analysis falls short of characterizing the two-way covert capacity region for all two-way channels, we provide general achievable and converse bounds that illuminate the cooperation mechanisms that benefit covertness and are tight for a physically-degraded alarm two-way channels. Because of the unique nature of covert communications, our analysis also shows that the coordination required to avoid triggering alarms comes asymptotically "for free". The key technical challenge that we address is how to appropriately design auxiliary random variables in a multi-user covert communication setting subject to the square root law.