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High-dimensional measurement device-independent quantum random number generation protocol.

Nayda Guerrero

Published Mar 31, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum information protocols benefit from the use of technology commonly employed in telecommunications. In particular, optical fibers and the advancement of multi-core optical f iber technology enable an increase in transmission channels, thereby allowing for a higher data transfer rate with potential applications in quantum cryptography, quantum networks, and quantum-enhanced sensing. High-quality multi-core beam splitters based on a core manipulation scheme can be fab ricated with these fibers. Using 4 × 4 multi-core beam splitters we generate four-dimensional quantum systems and implement a measurement-device-independent random number generation task using a programmable four-arm interferometer operating at a 2 MHz repetition rate. Due to the high visibilities observed, we surpass the one-bit limit of binary protocols. Overall, this study paves the way for efficient and scalable high-dimensional quantum systems by leveraging multi-core optical fiber technology, significantly advancing the field of quantum information processing.

DOI
10.29393/tmudec-48gn1hd48

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Quantum information protocols benefit from the use of technology commonly employed in telecommunications. In particular, optical fibers and the advancement of multi-core optical f iber technology enable an increase in transmission channels, thereby allowing for a higher data transfer rate with potential applications in quantum cryptography, quantum networks, and quantum-enhanced sensing. High-quality multi-core beam splitters based on a core manipulation scheme can be fab ricated with these fibers. Using 4 × 4 multi-core beam splitters we generate four-dimensional quantum systems and implement a measurement-device-independent random number generation task using a programmable four-arm interferometer operating at a 2 MHz repetition rate. Due to the high visibilities observed, we surpass the one-bit limit of binary protocols. Overall, this study paves the way for efficient and scalable high-dimensional quantum systems by leveraging multi-core optical fiber technology, significantly advancing the field of quantum information processing.
Multi-port beam splitters are cornerstone devices for high-dimensional quantum information tasks, which can outperform the two-dimensional ones. Nonetheless, the fabrication of such devices has proven to be challenging with progress only recently achieved with the advent of integrated photonics. Here, we report on the production of high-quality N × N (with N = 4 , 7 ) multi-port beam splitters based on a new scheme for manipulating multi-core optical fibers. By exploring their compatibility with optical fiber components, we create four-dimensional quantum systems and implement the measurement-device-independent random number generation task with a programmable four-arm interferometer operating at a 2 MHz repetition rate. Due to the high visibilities observed, we surpass the one-bit limit of binary protocols and attain 1.23 bits of certified private randomness per experimental round. Our result demonstrates that fast switching, low loss, and high optical quality for high-dimensional quantum information can be simultaneously achieved with multi-core fiber technology.
Certifying random number generators is challenging, especially in security-critical fields like cryptography. Here, we demonstrate a measurement-device-independent quantum random number generator (MDI-QRNG) using high-dimensional photonic path states. Our setup extends the standard qubit beam-splitter QRNG to a three-output version with tunable fiber-optic interferometers acting as tunable beam splitters and superconducting detectors. This setup generates over 1.2 bits per round and 1.77 Mbits per second of certifiably secure private randomness without requiring \emph{any} trust in the measurement apparatus, a critical requirement for the security of real-world cryptographic applications. Our results demonstrate certifiably secure high-dimensional quantum random-number generation, paving the way for practical, scalable QRNGs without the need for complex devices.
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Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum theory, rendering them a foundational segment of quantum cryptography. Distinguished from trusted-device QRNGs whose security depends on characterized devices, semi-device-independent (semi-DI) QRNGs permit partial devices to be defective or even maliciously manipulated, which achieves a good trade-off between generation rate and security. In this paper, we propose a semi-DI QRNG that resists general attacks while accounting for finite-size effects. The protocol requires no rigorous characterization of the source and measurement devices other than limiting the energy of the emitted states, significantly reducing the demands on practical QRNG systems. Leveraging the tight Kato inequality for correlated variables, we show that our protocol generates more randomness than it consumes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the scheme on a continuous-variable system with ternary inputs of states. Heterodyne detection is employed to enable phase compensation through data postprocessing, alleviating the stringent requirement on system stability. The system operates at 100 MHz, achieving a net random number generation rate of 1.165 Mbps at 5.3x10^9 rounds. Our work offers a promising approach to achieve both the robust security and high generation rate with a simple experimental setup.
Quantum key distribution protocols are easily the most advanced quantum information technology up to date, driving the whole field of quantum communications towards actual systems implementations and flourishing theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations. Exploiting the consolidated telecommunications industry knowledge, optimized equipment and already existing broad infrastructure, fiber-based quantum key distribution schemes are in particular a promising direction in which the scientific research efforts are addressed, for the final goal of building a quantum network. However, three main challenges are still preventing the large-scale industrial deployment of fiber-based quantum key distribution schemes: the limited achievable secret key generation rate, when compared to those reached by classical communications; the bounded propagation distances, due to intrinsic channel losses; and the struggle of the integration with classical data rates, which are additional sources of noise from the point of view of a quantum channel. During my Ph.D., we have focused on two of these problems, proposing new efficient designs for fiber-based high-dimensional protocols and space division multiplexing schemes to increase the secret key rate of quantum systems, and investigating the optimization of wavelength multiplexing setups for the integration with classical communications.