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Journal of Military Science and Technology

A solution for analyzing and evaluating quantum communication networks through simulation

Cao Van Toan, Dang Tien Sy, Bui Thi Thanh Tam, Trieu Duc Quan, Nguyen Trung Thanh, Do Doanh Dien, Phan Huy Anh

Published Oct 30, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper proposes a comprehensive solution for analyzing and evaluating the performance of quantum communication networks through the use of the open-source simulation software, QuNetSim. This method provides a flexible and cost-effective approach to studying network protocols and parameters prior to hardware implementation. The main content of the paper focuses on modeling realistic factors such as channel loss, noise, and eavesdropping behaviors. The research conducted detailed simulation scenarios with the BB84 and E91 protocols. In particular, a general network scenario, integrating quantum repeaters and teleportation, was analyzed through Fidelity. The results not only confirm the crucial role of repeaters in maintaining long-distance connectivity but also quantify the performance degradation caused by channel loss and eavesdropping. The simulation results also demonstrate that QuNetSim is a powerful tool, enabling researchers to easily build, test, and optimize complex quantum networks, thereby accelerating the transition from theory to practice.

DOI
10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.iite.2025.3-11

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This paper proposes a comprehensive solution for analyzing and evaluating the performance of quantum communication networks through the use of the open-source simulation software, QuNetSim. This method provides a flexible and cost-effective approach to studying network protocols and parameters prior to hardware implementation. The main content of the paper focuses on modeling realistic factors such as channel loss, noise, and eavesdropping behaviors. The research conducted detailed simulation scenarios with the BB84 and E91 protocols. In particular, a general network scenario, integrating quantum repeaters and teleportation, was analyzed through Fidelity. The results not only confirm the crucial role of repeaters in maintaining long-distance connectivity but also quantify the performance degradation caused by channel loss and eavesdropping. The simulation results also demonstrate that QuNetSim is a powerful tool, enabling researchers to easily build, test, and optimize complex quantum networks, thereby accelerating the transition from theory to practice.
Quantum repeaters have long been established to be essential for distributing entanglement over long distances. Consequently, their experimental realization constitutes a core challenge of quantum communication. However, there are numerous open questions about implementation details for realistic near-term experimental setups. In order to assess the performance of realistic repeater protocols, here we present ReQuSim, a comprehensive Monte Carlo–based simulation platform for quantum repeaters that faithfully includes loss and models a wide range of imperfections such as memories with time-dependent noise. Our platform allows us to perform an analysis for quantum repeater setups and strategies that go far beyond known analytical results: This refers to being able to both capture more realistic noise models and analyze more complex repeater strategies. We present a number of findings centered around the combination of strategies for improving performance, such as entanglement purification and the use of multiple repeater stations, and demonstrate that there exist complex relationships between them. We stress that numerical tools such as ours are essential to model complex quantum communication protocols aimed at contributing to the quantum Internet.
Abstract The aim is to analyze the efficiency of a communication method, Quantum key distribution. This newly popularized method of communication uses the principles of quantum mechanics. The simulation environment allows researchers to create complex network topologies and a high degree of control and repeatable experiments, allowing them to conduct studies and verify their outcomes. It would be costly to implement QKD in reality, which would need optical and Internet connections between network nodes and the verification of a certain network method or protocol. Thus, the performance analysis here is done in open-source software called NS-3 or Network Simulator- 3, which has an in-built module called QKD netsim for creating the quantum channel.
Quantum computing poses significant threats to conventional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and AES, motivating the need for quantum secure communication methods. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers information theoretic security based on fundamental quantum principles. This paper presents a simulation-based analysis of well-known QKD protocols, namely BB84, B92, and E91, using the IBM Qiskit framework. Realistic quantum channel effects, including noise, decoherence, and eavesdropping, are modeled to evaluate protocol performance. Key metrics such as error rate, secret key generation, and security characteristics are analyzed and compared. The study highlights practical challenges in QKD implementation, including hardware limitations and channel losses, and discusses insights toward scalable and robust quantum communication systems. The results support the feasibility of QKD as a promising solution for secure communication in the quantum era.
As quantum network technologies develop, the need for teaching and engineering tools such as simulators and emulators rises. QuNetSim addresses this need. QuNetSim is a Python software framework that delivers an easy-to-use interface for simulating quantum networks at the network layer, which can be extended at little effort of the user to implement the corresponding link layer protocols. The goal of QuNetSim is to make it easier to investigate and test quantum networking protocols over various quantum network configurations and parameters. The framework incorporates many known quantum network protocols so that users can quickly build simulations using a quantum-networking toolbox in a few lines of code and so that beginners can easily learn to implement their own quantum networking protocols. Unlike most current tools, QuNetSim simulates with real time and is, therefore, well suited to control laboratory hardware. Here, we present a software design overview of QuNetSim and demonstrate examples of protocols implemented with it. We describe ongoing work, which uses QuNetSim as a library, and describe possible future directions for the development of QuNetSim.
By utilizing concepts from quantum physics like entanglement and superposition, quantum cryptography is revolutionizing data security. This study focuses on the application of classical computational models for simulation-based analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, namely BB84 and E91. By taking use of quantum features, QKD makes secure key exchange possible and guarantees that any effort at eavesdropping may be identified because of the disruption of quantum states. In order to assess how quantum communication channels behave under different noise and attack scenarios, the study models and simulates these channels. The study evaluates the efficacy and robustness of BB84 and E91 protocols in practical network settings by contrasting their performance and error tolerance. In order to determine if integrating quantum-secured systems with current classical infrastructures is feasible, scalability issues are also investigated. These simulations’ outcomes shed light on feasible security levels, resource needs, and workable deployment tactics. In the end, this research highlights how quantum cryptography may advance the basis for next-generation secure information networks by bridging the gap between theoretical quantum security models and real-world communication systems with the use of strong simulation frameworks.
The distribution of high-quality entanglement over long distances remains a challenge due to losses in quantum channels. As a solution, quantum repeater protocols generate entanglement over short segments and progressively extend its range using entanglement swapping, while using distillation to compensate for entanglement degradation. Numerous studies analyze repeater protocols through tailored tools that are tied to specific protocol types and network assumptions. In this work, we propose a formal language to specify quantum repeater protocols in a unified manner, modeling the concurrent distribution of entanglement across multiple pairs of network nodes. We consider delays arising from failures and contention for resources, and account for the effects of noise and decoherence on the quality of entanglement. Furthermore, we provide a prototype tool based on our language to precisely track the rate and fidelity of the distributed entangled pairs, supporting heterogeneous hardware configurations and constraints on available quantum memories. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by expressing common protocols from the literature and evaluating their performance.