Abstract Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) refers to the integration of AI with quantum information science, with the dual objective of accelerating AI development and advancing quantum computing, sensing, and communication technologies. In this work, two innovative strategies for the development of an energetically sustainable quantum information science are proposed. Both strategies originate from the Chemical AI (CAI) research line, which aims to emulate biological intelligence by designing engineered chemical systems in liquid solutions, the characteristic phase of life. The first strategy involves implementing chemical fuzzy sets and processing fuzzy logic at the molecular level, which corresponds to manipulating thermalized quantum mixed states. Although quantum superposition, interference, entanglement, and tunneling are excluded, noteworthy advancements in quantum sensing, communicating, and computing are still within reach. The second strategy arises from neuromorphic engineering in wetware. In this context, photochromic compounds are employed as dynamic surrogates of neurons operating in the phasic excitable regime. These compounds are proposed as molecular candidates that can simulate certain features of qubits. Finally, perspectives on these two novel strategies, highlighting their potential to reshape the future of quantum information science beyond traditional qubit‐based paradigms, are outlined.
Abstract Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) refers to the integration of AI with quantum information science, with the dual objective of accelerating AI development and advancing quantum computing, sensing, and communication technologies. In this work, two innovative strategies for the development of an energetically sustainable quantum information science are proposed. Both strategies originate from the Chemical AI (CAI) research line, which aims to emulate biological intelligence by designing engineered chemical systems in liquid solutions, the characteristic phase of life. The first strategy involves implementing chemical fuzzy sets and processing fuzzy logic at the molecular level, which corresponds to manipulating thermalized quantum mixed states. Although quantum superposition, interference, entanglement, and tunneling are excluded, noteworthy advancements in quantum sensing, communicating, and computing are still within reach. The second strategy arises from neuromorphic engineering in wetware. In this context, photochromic compounds are employed as dynamic surrogates of neurons operating in the phasic excitable regime. These compounds are proposed as molecular candidates that can simulate certain features of qubits. Finally, perspectives on these two novel strategies, highlighting their potential to reshape the future of quantum information science beyond traditional qubit‐based paradigms, are outlined.
In the twenty-first century, humanity is compelled to face global challenges. Such challenges involve complex systems. However, science has some cognitive and predictive limits in dealing with complex systems. Some of these limits are related to computational complexity and the recognition of variable patterns. To overcome these limits, artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing (QC) appear to be helpful. Even more promising is quantum AI (QAI), which emerged from the combination of AI and QC. The combination of AI and QC produces reciprocal, synergistic effects. This work describes some of these effects. It shows that QC offers new materials for implementing AI and innovative algorithms for solving optimisation problems and enhancing machine learning algorithms. Additionally, it demonstrates how AI algorithms can help overcome many of the experimental challenges associated with implementing QC. It also outlines several perspectives for the future development of quantum artificial intelligence.
Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) combines quantum computing with artificial intelligence (AI) to surpass the traditional barriers of classical computing systems, such as their inability to solve large-scale optimization problems or simulate complex quantum systems, which require exponentially increasing computational resources. Quantum computing, on the other hand, makes use of quantum mechanical phenomena of superposition, entanglement, and interference to process millions of data points in parallel, avoiding the exponential computation needed in many complex problems. QAI combines principles of quantum computing with AI techniques, thereby accelerating model learning. Some of the most notable applications include drug discovery in terms of exact predictions of molecular interactions, due to the enhancement of quantum simulations. There are cryptographic applications where QAI challenges classical encryption but also contains more advanced, non-breakable quantum cryptographic methods. In the same way as general advances in the field of data analysis and optimization, these domains would change: financial modeling, cybersecurity, and climate science. The biggest challenges remaining in scaling quantum hardware are noise and decoherence. Solutions will require major advances in quantum error correction, along with hybrid quantum-classical systems integrating the strengths of each. At this point, added to the list of critical concerns in the development of QAI are ethical considerations such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and transparency. But all this notwithstanding, QAI has the transformative potential to solve problems that classical AI was unable to solve and drive innovation in domains ranging from healthcare and environmental science to cryptography and beyond. Unlocking its full capabilities and overcoming the resultant technical and ethical challenges is by way of further research and collaboration.
The integration of quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI), collectively termed Quantum AI, is revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry by reshaping the paradigms of drug discovery and development. Traditional approaches to drug design are often limited by high costs, extensive timelines, and the computational intractability of simulating complex molecular interactions. Quantum computing offers exponential processing power, enabling the accurate modeling of quantum-level chemical phenomena that classical computers struggle to handle. Concurrently, AI contributes by enhancing data interpretation, prediction of molecular behaviors, and pattern recognition across large biological datasets. Together, Quantum AI enables faster identification of drug candidates, improved simulation of drug-target interactions, and early prediction of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Key quantum algorithms, such as the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) and quantum-enhanced machine learning, have demonstrated potential to outperform conventional methods in quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, this synergy facilitates personalized medicine by integrating patient-specific data to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Despite current challenges related to hardware scalability, algorithm optimization, and ethical integration, the future trajectory of Quantum AI is poised to redefine pharmaceutical innovation. This review underscores the transformative capabilities of Quantum AI and its potential to usher in a new era of efficient, cost-effective, and precision-driven drug development.
Quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI) are two rapidly evolving technologies poised to redefine the future of computation and decision-making.The two fields unite under the name Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) or Quantum Intelligence, which enables a transformative approach to problem-solving through the fusion of AI mental functions with quantum computing capabilities.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current landscape, highlighting the opportunities and challenges in integrating quantum computing with AI systems.The research investigates current developments in quantum machine learning, quantum neural networks, and hybrid quantum-classical systems, which show promise for achieving rapid performance improvements and enhanced scalability and data processing capabilities.At the same time, it identifies critical barriers, including hardware limitations, algorithmic complexity, data encoding issues, and the lack of standardization in frameworks.The review further explores future directions, including the role of explainable AI, error correction, and interdisciplinary research in achieving practical quantum-AI synergy.By analyzing both the technological potential and the practical constraints, this paper aims to outline a roadmap for advancing quantum intelligence as a transformative force in next-generation computational paradigms.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to drive innovation across industries, but faces mounting challenges in computational scalability, optimization, and interpretability as models grow increasingly complex. Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) offers a promising path forward by leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to augment learning processes beyond classical limits. This review synthesizes the recent progress in QAI, emphasizing a comparative perspective framed through its advantages and limitations. It examines how hybrid quantum-classical architectures and variational models seek to address constraints in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, and how applications in healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity illustrate both the potential and the barriers of the field. While several studies have broadly mapped the growth of QAI in algorithms and applications, this paper adopts a different perspective: emphasizing comparative analysis through advantages and limitations. The focus is on where QAI offers unique opportunities, where it encounters obstacles distinct from classical AI and quantum computing, and what research directions may transform these challenges into breakthroughs. By situating QAI within this comparative framework, the paper provides a realistic yet forward-looking assessment of its trajectory as a paradigm poised to reshape computational intelligence.
Quantum Computing (QC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have emerged as key technologies in the evolution of Industry 6.0, driving advancements in automation and advanced analytics, and process optimization. Their integration holds the potential to revolutionize sectors such as data science, healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity by enabling faster and more efficient computations through qubits, superposition, and quantum entanglement. However, the lack of structured knowledge regarding specific QC methodologies and applications in AI hinders its optimal implementation and development. Consequently, this study aims to identify the applications and variables associated with QC-AI integration. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, drawing on studies from Scopus and Web of Science databases. This enabled the analysis of trends, limitations, and opportunities in this technological convergence. This study aims to systematically examine the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence by identifying the key technological features, integration requirements, and sectoral applications that define the current state of the field. The review contributes by mapping existing research, highlighting methodological approaches, and revealing gaps that may guide targeted advancements in hybrid quantum AI systems. The insights generated have the potential to accelerate innovation in high-impact domains such as healthcare, finance, energy, and cybersecurity. The findings indicate that the main advances in QC applied to AI focus on quantum optimization, Quantum Machine Learning (QML), and post-quantum cryptography. Notably, sectors such as energy, healthcare, and finance have shown significant progress in adopting these technologies. For example, in healthcare, QML has been applied to simulate molecular interactions to accelerate drug discovery, and in finance, it enhances predictive models for market behavior. The study concludes that although QC demonstrates substantial potential to enhance AI, its broader adoption remains constrained by reliance on NISQ hardware, the need for effective error correction, and the limited scalability of hybrid quantum classical algorithms. Addressing these challenges will be essential to establishing QML as a cornerstone of technological innovation and digital transformation. Additionally, this review introduces an integrative framework that categorizes key AI QC convergence dimensions and proposes a classification of application areas based on technical requirements and algorithmic capabilities. These contributions aim to guide future experimental validations and hybrid model development.