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Creation of higher order quantum NOON states using super-radiant emitters in the cavity

Roman Shugayev

Published Oct 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum metrology promises the ability to greatly enhance conventional sensing. Inherently routed in quantum state manipulation and entanglement, it offers a pathway for sensing above and beyond what was previously thought possible. In particular, sensing using higher order NOON states offers a way for dramatic improvement of signal to noise ratio beyond the classical limit. In this work, we propose a novel facile and scalable scheme for on-chip generation of higher order NOON states using combination or which-path entanglement and super-radiance. These findings will pave the way for easily accessible ultrasensitive quantum metrology and can impact many fields, such as fundamental physics, biology, and engineering.

DOI
10.1063/5.0299021

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Creation of higher order quantum NOON states using superradiant emitters in the cavity

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quant-pharXiv:2512.08458•Physical Review Letters•Dec 10, 2025•0 citations
Quantum metrology promises the ability to greatly enhance conventional sensing. Inherently routed in quantum state manipulation and entanglement, it offers a pathway for sensing above and beyond what was previously thought possible. In particular, sensing using higher order NOON states offers a way for dramatic improvement of signal to noise ratio beyond the classical limit. In this work, we propose a novel facile and scalable scheme for on-chip generation of higher order NOON states using combination or which-path entanglement and super-radiance. These findings will pave the way for easily accessible ultrasensitive quantum metrology and can impact many fields, such as fundamental physics, biology, and engineering.
Maximal multi-photon entangled states, known as NOON states, play an essential role in quantum metrology. With the number of photons growing, NOON states are becoming increasingly powerful and advantageous for obtaining supersensitive and super-resolved measurements. In this paper, we propose a universal scheme for generating three- and four-photon path-entangled NOON states on a reconfigurable photonic chip via photons subtracted from pairs and detected by heralding counters. Our method is postselection free, enabling phase supersensitive measurements and sensing at the Heisenberg limit. Our NOON-state generator allows for integration of quantum light sources as well as practical and portable precision phase-related measurements.
Quantum entanglement is a fascinating physical resource that is central to the field of quantum information processing with important applications in such areas as quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum metrology, and quantum imaging. \nIt describes the physical phenomenon in which the quantum state of a multipartite system cannot be written as consisting of constituents that are independent of each other. In this case, the state of the system is called an entangled state. In this \ndissertation, the entanglement of photons--the elementary excitations of the quantized electromagnetic field--is studied. A focus is made on a particular type of entangled states of light called the d-mode N-photon NOON state, which consists of N photons with the N photons as an ensemble appearing at d orthogonal modes simultaneously and are inseparable. \nIn quantum metrology, a field that investigates the ultimate precision of measurements of unknown physical parameters, the two-mode NOON state has been studied extensively with respect to its ability to achieve super-resolution and super-sensitivity in the estimation of a single parameter. A lot of theoretical research has been conducted on the generation of two-mode NOON states, and two-mode NOON states with up to 4 photons have been experimentally and efficiently produced. On the other hand, recently there has been increasing interest in the study of the simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters. Accordingly, the multi-mode NOON state has been attracting more and more attention in view of its potential for enhanced efficiency as compared to using multiple two-mode NOON states separately to estimate the parameters. Nevertheless, no known generation method of multi-mode NOON states with more than 2 photons or 2 modes exists so far. \nIn this dissertation, several scalable generation methods of multi-mode NOON states are proposed. These methods take advantage of multi-photon quantum interference and they can theoretically be applied to produce NOON states with an \narbitrary number of modes and an arbitrary number of photons. The intrinsic generation probability for each method is calculated, and the methods are compared in regards to their feasibility and efficiency. The advantages of using multi-mode NOON \nstates in quantum metrology are also analyzed and discussed in detail.
Abstract A maximal photon number entangled state, namely NOON state, can be adopted for sensing with a quantum enhanced precision. In this work, we designed silicon quantum photonic chips containing two types of Mach–Zehnder interferometers wherein the two-photon NOON state, sensing element for temperature or humidity, is generated. Compared with classical light or single photon case, two-photon NOON state sensing shows a solid enhancement in the sensing resolution and precision. As the first demonstration of on-chip quantum photonic sensing, it reveals the advantages of photonic chips for high integration density, small-size, stability for multiple-parameter sensing serviceability. A higher sensing precision is expected to beat the standard quantum limit with a higher photon number NOON state.
Photonic quantum metrology harnesses quantum states of light, such as NOON or twin-Fock states, to measure unknown parameters beyond classical precision limits. Current protocols suffer from two severe limitations that preclude their scalability: the exponential decrease in fidelities (or probabilities) when generating states with large photon numbers due to gate errors and the increased sensitivity of such states to noise. Here, we develop a deterministic protocol combining quantum optical nonlinearities and variational quantum algorithms that provides a substantial improvement on both fronts. First, we show how the variational protocol can generate metrologically relevant states with a small number of operations which do not significantly depend on photon number, resulting in exponential improvements in fidelities when gate errors are considered. Second, we show that such states offer a better robustness to noise compared to other states in the literature. Since our protocol harnesses interactions already appearing in state-of-the-art setups, such as cavity QED, we expect that it will lead to more scalable photonic quantum metrology in the near future. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Entangled states of photons form the foundation of quantum communication, computation, and metrology. Yet their generation remains fundamentally constrained: in the absence of intrinsic photon-photon interactions, the generation of such states is inherently probabilistic rather than deterministic. The prevalent technique of post-selection verifies the creation of an entangled state by detecting and thus destroying it. Heralding offers a solution in which measuring ancillary photons in auxiliary modes signals the state generation without the need to measure it. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a scheme to generate a three-mode two-photon NOON state, where the detection of a single photon in one heralding mode signifies the presence of the state in three target modes. We validate the generated state by estimating a fidelity of 0.823 +/- 0.018 with respect to an ideal three-mode NOON state and certifying genuine multipartite entanglement. By virtue of the high success probability and small resource overhead of our scheme, our work provides a theoretical and experimental stepping stone for entangled multi-mode state generation, which is realizable with current technology. These multi-mode entangled states represent a key direction for linear optical quantum information that is complementary to multi-qubit state encoding.