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Scientia Sinica Chimica

Research advances in cold molecular collision dynamics

Dongzheng Yang, Yipeng Yu, Cunfeng Cheng, Jiayu Huang, Qianqian Hu, Hua Guo, Daiqian Xie

Published Oct 22, 2025• 0 citations

Abstract

冷分子碰撞过程呈现出显著的量子效应，如散射共振与量子隧穿等，为揭示分子间相互作用以及化学过程的量子本质提供了理想平台。近年来，该领域在实验与理论方面都取得了突破性进展，如实验与理论协同阐明了低温下量子散射共振的起源，并通过调控分子空间取向实现对反应路径与产物量子态的选择性调控等。本文主要综述了冷分子量子态精确调控与测量的实验技术革新、高精度长程势能面的构建方案与量子动力学理论方法的发展以及一些典型体系的研究进展，分析了当前仍面临的两大挑战：1）多原子分子的单量子态制备效率低，亟待发展高密度慢分子束技术；2）五原子以上体系高维势能面的构建与量子动力学计算仍比较困难。未来需进一步融合机器学习算法、新型量子态操控及外场调控策略，拓展冷分子碰撞在量子操控与精密测量等前沿领域中的应用。

DOI: 10.1360/ssc-2025-0213

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冷分子碰撞过程呈现出显著的量子效应，如散射共振与量子隧穿等，为揭示分子间相互作用以及化学过程的量子本质提供了理想平台。近年来，该领域在实验与理论方面都取得了突破性进展，如实验与理论协同阐明了低温下量子散射共振的起源，并通过调控分子空间取向实现对反应路径与产物量子态的选择性调控等。本文主要综述了冷分子量子态精确调控与测量的实验技术革新、高精度长程势能面的构建方案与量子动力学理论方法的发展以及一些典型体系的研究进展，分析了当前仍面临的两大挑战：1）多原子分子的单量子态制备效率低，亟待发展高密度慢分子束技术；2）五原子以上体系高维势能面的构建与量子动力学计算仍比较困难。未来需进一步融合机器学习算法、新型量子态操控及外场调控策略，拓展冷分子碰撞在量子操控与精密测量等前沿领域中的应用。

Recent years have seen tremendous progress in research on cold and controlled molecular collisions, both in theory and in experiment. The advent of techniques to prepare cold and ultracold molecules and ions, to store them in optical lattices or in charged quasicristalline structures, and to use them in crossed or merged beam experiments have opened many new possibilities to study the most fundamental aspects of molecular interactions. At the same time, theoretical work has made progress in tackling these problems and accurately describing quantum effects in complex systems, and in proposing viable options to control chemical reactions at ultralow energies. Through tutorials on both the theoretical and experimental aspects of research in cold and ultracold molecular collisions, this book provides advanced undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers with the foundations needed to understand this exciting field.

With the continuous advancement and maturation of laser cooling techniques for atoms and molecules and full-dimensional electron and ion imaging technology, using momentum imaging techniques to investigate the characteristic properties of cold atoms and collision dynamics has emerged as a burgeoning research direction. This progress has driven the development of a series of high-resolution electron and ion detection devices, leading to innovative breakthroughs in fields such as cold molecule reactions, Rydberg atoms, nuclear decay, photoionization of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and cold plasmas, collisions between cold atoms and ions/electrons, coherent control of cold atoms, and strong-field ultrafast physics. This article reviews representative instruments and their corresponding seminal achievements in the following domains: In cold molecular/cold chemical reactions, imaging technology has revealed new insights into reaction mechanisms; For cold Rydberg atom interactions, it demonstrates high-precision quantum state manipulation capabilities, advancing quantum information processing; In nuclear decay research, it provides ultra-sensitive detection methods, deepening understanding of decay processes; For BEC photoionization and cold plasma control, it can precisely monitor and manipulate microscopic processes; In cold atomic collision studies, it reveals new details in collision dynamics, refining collision theories; Regarding coherent control of cold atoms, it achieves accurate quantum state manipulation and interference; In strong-field ultrafast processes, it elucidates complex electron dynamics under intense fields, providing innovative methods for ultrafast laser control. Furthermore, this article summarizes the applications of imaging technologies in the aforementioned research areas involving cold atoms, and provides prospects for future developments in this evolving field.

The Chemistry of Cold Interstellar Cloud Cores Gas-Phase Reactive Collisions at Very Low Temperatures: Recent Experimental Advances and Perspectives The Study of Cold Collisions Using Ion Guides and Traps Theory of Low-Temperature Gas-Phase Reactions Molecular Spectroscopy at Low Temperatures: A High-Resolution Infrared Perspective The Production and Study of Ultra-Cold Molecular Ions Chemical Dynamics: Inside Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets at 0.37 K Kinematic Cooling of Molecules Manipulation of Molecules with Electric Fields Cold Collisions, Quantum Degenerate Gases, Photoassociation, and Cold Molecules.