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Acta Sinica Quantum Optica

参量光源的频域多模特性对量子密钥分发系统的性能影响研究

胡飞飞 Fei-fei HU, 黄昱 Yu HUANG, 洪丹轲 Dan-ke HONG, 林旭斌 Xu-bin LIN, 张思拓 Si-tuo ZHANG, 覃楚珺 Chu-jun QIN, 刘云 Yun LIU

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

本研究探讨了自发参量下转换（Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion，SPDC）光源的光谱特性对量子密钥分发（Quantum Key Distribution，QKD）系统性能的影响。通过引入光谱自由度，对光子数分布进行了更为准确的建模，揭示了实际SPDC光源的分布特性可能不同于传统的泊松或热分布。研究表明，不同光谱结构会导致安全密钥率的显著差异，错误的分布假设可能导致安全性问题。本文提出的模型可用于优化QKD系统的设计，提高量子通信的安全性和传输距离。

DOI
10.3788/jqo20253103.0302

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本研究探讨了自发参量下转换（Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion，SPDC）光源的光谱特性对量子密钥分发（Quantum Key Distribution，QKD）系统性能的影响。通过引入光谱自由度，对光子数分布进行了更为准确的建模，揭示了实际SPDC光源的分布特性可能不同于传统的泊松或热分布。研究表明，不同光谱结构会导致安全密钥率的显著差异，错误的分布假设可能导致安全性问题。本文提出的模型可用于优化QKD系统的设计，提高量子通信的安全性和传输距离。
Abstract Widespread commercial adoption of telecom‐band quantum key distribution (QKD) will require fully integrated, room‐temperature transmitters. Implementing highly efficient spontaneous parametric down‐conversion (SPDC) on a platform that offers co‐integration of the pump laser has been an outstanding challenge. Here, using such a platform based on AlGaAs‐on‐insulator waveguides, telecom‐band SPDC (and SHG, second harmonic generation) is reported with exceedingly large efficiencies of 26 GHz generated pairs per mW over a 7 THz bandwidth, which would saturate the usable photon‐flux for a 70‐channel wavelength‐multiplexed QKD system at merely 1.7 mW of pump laser power.
本文聚焦于量子密钥分发（QKD）在光纤通信系统中的安全增强机制。首先阐述了光纤通信系统面临的 安全威胁，强调保障其安全性的紧迫性。接着详细介绍了量子密钥分发的基本原理、关键技术，包括单光子源、量子 探测器等。深入分析了QKD为光纤通信系统带来的安全增强机制，如基于量子力学原理的不可窃听特性、信息论安全 性的密钥生成等。同时探讨了QKD在实际光纤通信系统应用中面临的挑战，如传输距离限制、环境干扰等，并提出了 相应的解决策略。
本文旨在系统性地分析基于光通信技术的物联网数据加密体系。首先，深入剖析了物联网数据安全的核 心需求与传统加密范式的瓶颈；其次，详细阐述了光纤通信与自由空间光通信（FSO）两大主流光通信模式的技术原 理及其为数据安全提供的独特物理基础；在此基础上，重点探讨了面向光通信物联网的多层次加密策略，包括物理层 安全增强、传统密码算法的适应性优化以及前沿的量子密钥分发（QKD）技术的融合应用；最后，对当前技术面临的 挑战与未来发展趋势进行了展望。研究表明，构建一个深度融合光通信物理特性的“物理-逻辑”协同加密体系，是 实现物联网数据端到端、高可靠、抗量子攻击安全传输的根本路径。
For quantum key distribution (QKD) using spontaneous parametric-down-conversion sources (SPDCSs), the passive decoy-state protocol has been proved to be efficiently close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. In this paper, we apply a tight finite-key analysis for the passive decoy-state QKD using SPDCSs. Combining the security bound based on the uncertainty principle with the passive decoy-state protocol, a concise and stringent formula for calculating the key generation rate for QKD using SPDCSs is presented. The simulation shows that the secure distance under our formula can reach up to 182 km when the number of sifted data is 1010{10}^{10}1010. Our results also indicate that, under the same deviation of statistical fluctuation due to finite-size effects, the passive decoy-state QKD with SPDCSs can perform as well as the active decoy-state QKD with a weak coherent source.
联合的宣布的对有被动圈套状态想法的协调状态(HPCS ) ，一个新方法为量钥匙分发(QKD ) 被介绍。弱协调来源(WCS ) 和宣布单个光子来源(HSPS ) 是为最先进的 QKD 的最普通的光子来源。然而，如果这二来源在实际圈套状态 QKD 被使用，在最大的安全距离和安全关键产生率之间有一条突出的转线路。在这份报纸的方法不活跃地准备圈套状态。因此，它把一样的试验性的安装用作，并且对一个硬件变化没有需要常规协议，因此它的实现是很容易的。而且，方法能获得更长安全的传播距离，并且它的关键产生率在整个安全传播远处比有 WCS 或 HSPS 的被动圈套状态方法的高。因此，为 QKD 的提及的相片来源的限制被突破。方法因此在性能和实现是通用的。
Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols require robust and stable photon-pair sources in terms of high heralding efficiencies or photon-pair generation rates even under harsh environmental conditions, e.g., when operated in the field. Here we report on a type-0 spontaneous parametric down-conversion photon source in periodically poled crystals based on simultaneous operation of second harmonic generation and spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in a double-pass configuration within the same nonlinear crystal, further simplifying the hardware requirements of SPDC photon sources. Our source is flexible, tunable, alignment-free, relatively broadband, and completely fiber coupled. Its rack-compatible and modular setup allows a straightforward plug-and-play integration of coding modules, e.g., interferometers to enable various QKD protocols such as phase or phase-time coding. We compare the double-pass configuration with our single-pass type-II and type-0 SPDC source configurations. To evaluate the conversion efficiencies of our modules, we use data postprocessing to remove artifacts from detector after-pulsing and dead times of the detectors.